72434 (Университеты Германии), страница 4

Introduction
In cooperation with the International Center for Graduate Studies the Institute of Law and Economics and the "ERASMUS Program in Law and Economics" (http://www.jura.uni-hamburg.de/studieren/foreign/#Erasmus) for postgraduates is offered. The program is open to graduates in law and economics and leads within one year to the European Master in Law and Economics (EMLE). In case of exceptional qualifications an admission for students without an exam or diploma is possible.
The Law and Economics study program started as an ERASMUS Program in 1990 and will persist within the more comprehensive network of SOCRATES. SOCRATES stands for a contractual framework between the European Commission and European universities. Although SOCRATES is designed to support European integration, the program is also open for students from non-European countries.
For law studies, internationalization creates a specific problem. Due to the increasing importance of specific regulations regarding areas such as social security, industrial policy, protection of the environment, equal treatment of minority groups etc., the legal systems in the different European countries became increasingly divergent. As a consequence, law students and other students interested in law and institutions, who would like to supplement their studies with an international continuation, are faced with a problem. In order to compare rules and institutions, one needs a common standard. The economic analysis of law, often called briefly "Law and Economics" is certainly a good candidate as a standard for relevant comparison of law. Because economic science has developed a framework of theorems and concepts which are universally applicable to human behavior and human choice, economic theory constitutes an international standard "par excellence". In the center of this new scientific approach are the processes and goals of influencing human behavior by norms which are determined by law.
Important scientists like Prof. Dr. James Buchanan (Nobel Prize Award 1985) and Prof. Dr. Ronald Coase (Nobel Prize Award 1991) belong to the "Committee of Patronage" of the "Law and Economics Program".

Admission to the studies
(1) To the study in Law and Economics can be admitted who
1. successfully
a) passed the study of law or economics or business administration or another study with a legal or economic focus in the Federal Republic of Germany or
b) passed a study at a university out of the Federal Republic of Germany which is comparable with respect to its kind and its extent to the studies mentioned under letter a)
2. has sufficient knowledge in English in order to participate in the study and in order to pass the exams
3. can be expected to participate in the ERASMUS Program in Law and Economics successfully according to his or her previous performance so far.

(2) The requirement mentioned in subsection (1) number 1 can be neglected if the applicant is at an advanced level in one of the studies mentioned in subsection (1) number 1 a) and b) and if his or her results achieved so far are especially suitable in order to make a successful participation in the ERASMUS Program in Law and Economics expectable. In this case the exam is acknowledged to be passed if the study according to subsection (1) number 1 is finished successfully.

Curriculum
The program covers one academic year. The courses start in the beginning of October and end in June. The academic year is subdivided into three terms. The first trimester can be studied in Hamburg or Rotterdam, the second in Hamburg or Ghent and for the third trimester students can choose between one of the nine participating European universities.
The program consists of three kinds of courses. In order to make law students more familiar with basic economic reasoning some courses are more economic in orientation. Some courses deal with comparative law in order to internalize legal background of the students. The third kind of courses deal directly with the economic analysis of the most important branches of private, public, international and European law. The references to law in the courses will be of a comparative kind, due to the all-European character of the program and the international composition of the audience. Students will be confronted with examples of their own and other legal systems.
In the first term the Rotterdam and Hamburg courses have the same contents, although the materials used and the grouping of the materials in the courses may differ slightly. The same applies to the second term. This makes it possible to choose a second term university independent of the first choice.
The study embraces during the first two terms at least twelve hours per week and during the third term at least four hours per week. During the first term are offered as compulsory courses an introduction in the basic economic and legal methods of the Law and Economics approach, an introduction in the economic analysis of accident law, competition law and public law. During the second term are offered as compulsory courses an introduction in the economic analysis of property law, in the economic analysis of contract law, an introduction in the philosophical foundations of Law and Economics and a supplementary course in the economic analysis of public law. Furthermore, there are courses offered as compulsory choice which introduce in the economic analysis of other areas of law. During the third term further courses are offered at an advanced level according to the research and teaching areas of the participating universities.

Final exam
The final exam consists of term exams and a thesis. The exams and the thesis are written in English or in the language of the country in which the exams are taken. Each course leads to a separate exam which will be organized at the end of the term respectively the end of a course. The candidate is supposed to participate in ten term exams. The exams are in written form and last at least three hours. Each exam is graded on a scale of 10 to 0 points. The minimum of 50 points has to be obtained to pass the program and to get the degree.
The candidate has to write a thesis during the third term. The thesis is supposed to prove the ability to work in the field of Law and Economics in a scientific manner. The time for working on the thesis is four and a half months (1st April to 15th of August). The thesis is to be evaluated by the supervisor and an external examiner. The external examiner should be a member of a university different from that one of the supervisor. The thesis is graded on a scale of 30 to 0 points. The thesis is accepted, if the number of points obtained by both examiners is at least 24.
A final mark is deducted from the marks of the term exams and the mark of the thesis. For this the mark of the term exams, the mark for the thesis rewarded by the supervisor, and the mark for the thesis rewarded by the external examiner are added and thereafter divided by 16 and rounded to two digits. The resulting points range from 10 to 0. To pass the final exam in Law and Economics the final marks has to be at least 5.00 points.

Diploma and Certificate
After having passed the exam the candidate is awarded a diploma certifying that he or she is awarded the degree of a "European Master in Law and Economics (EMLE)". The diploma points to the interdisciplinary of the postgraduate study and to the universities which are involved in the teaching of the program. The certificate is written in English and contains the titles of the visited lectures, the names of the universities at which the candidate visited these lectures, the subject of the thesis as well as the final marks. In addition, a certificate is handed out, in which all marks of the term exams and the thesis are listed as well as the ranking of the candidate and the total number of participating students of the current academic year.

Request for the more detailed "Student Guide" should be addressed to: Erasmus@nw01.rrz.uni-hamburg.de.

More information may be obtained by

Ute Lewin-Bleeker
Sekretariat des ERASMUS Programms für Recht und Ökonomie
Binderstr. 34
D 20146 Hamburg
Phone +49 40 42838-5776

and the

Institut für Recht und Ökonomik
Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaft
Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1
D 20146 Hamburg
Phone +49 40 42838-5542
Erasmus@nw01.rrz.uni-hamburg.de

Last Update: January 23rd, 1999

Посчитав это интересным, я зашел на один сайт (http://www.iht.com/IHT/SUP/031997e/index.html), который рассказывает о международном обмене и возможности образования иностранных студентов в Университетах Германии и Австрии:

Далее приводится текст с описанием возможностей этого обучения :

Students Learn English, Spanish and German

For many Europeans, English and German are regarded as languages of business, and their rise is coming directly at the expense of other major foreign languages.

A significant milestone was reached in the European Union in the beginning of 1996, reports the European Commission. For the first time, more than half of the EU's adults shared at least one language: English. Fully one-third of the EU speaks it as a second language. Both percentages are set to rise significantly - enrollments in English classes are at all-time highs throughout the EU. Meanwhile, the number of students and adults in the EU learning Spanish, French and Italian as a second language continues to decline, with German showing a stable base of interest.

Value for money

"Today's Europeans think pragmatically, asking themselves: ФWhich single language will most benefit my career or business? Which language is worth my investment in time and money?' The answer is English and, to a lesser extent, German," says Wolfgang Heuss, the Munich-based language instruction expert and head of the English department of the city's Sprachen und Dolmetscher Institut (Institute of Languages and Interpreting).

This pragmatism has led to an unusual phenomenon: Central and East Europeans are flocking to Munich, Vienna and other attractive, nearby Western European cities to learn English. "It's actually quite logical," says Mr. Heuss. "Many of our new arrivals from the east already have a good working knowledge of German, and German-style language instruction enjoys a reputation for giving value-for-money."