Вопросы/задания к экзамену: Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

Many people believe that ... should be fair and equal for everyone involved.

The ... decided to postpone the hearing until next week for more preparation.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.John: So, Sarah... When did you decide to become a lawyer? Sarah: I ve always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.John: That s cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.Sarah: It definitely wasn t an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now. John: Yeah, that s why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.Sarah: It s not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging. Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?John: Just a year, but I already feel like | m learning so much from everyone here. Sarah: That s great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover. Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.John: Of course. Good luck with your case!Sarah: Thanks.
Have a good evening, John!Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Kelly: Wow, that s a lot of information on tort law.
Did you understand all of it? Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence. Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?Mark:
Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it s one of proximity or not. Kelly:
And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test. Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.Mark:
Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, its important to constantly stay informed and educated.Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.Mike: Sounds boring. Karen: Well, maybe it s not the most thrilling subject, but it s important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor s expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff. Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.Mike: Do you think you ll specialize in this area after law school?Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I m still keeping my options open.Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you re going to make a great lawyer. Now let s go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let s go!Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. Its crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.John: Yeah, it s fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces - gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?John: It s definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country s legal system.Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.John: That s true. I ve heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization. Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It s pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society. John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?

In a tort case, the usual remedies available to the claimant are...

The first in a criminal case typically is a(n)...

The ... listened carefully to both sides before making a decision.

According to legal theorist Salmond, law is defined as...

The following country primarily follows a civil law system:

An example of a statutory tort is...

Vicarious liability allows...

The highest court in the United States is the ... Court.

The primary source of law in a civil law system is...

In criminal cases, if the police have enough evidence, they can make a formal ... against a suspect.

International law regulates relations between ... and between private citizens of different countries.

The primary function of civil courts in the English legal system is...

This country is known for having an unwritten constitution:

The main difference between tort law and criminal law is that the...

Laws are deemed crucial for society because...

Read dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all? Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn t just let it go and not do anything about it.
Carly: Right, but isn t going to court going to be expensive? Max: It s worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses. Carly: That s true. But don t you have to prove your claims in order to win the case? Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have everything organized and ready to present. Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court? Max: Honestly, I m not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense. Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost? Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we ll win this case. Carly: Wow, okay.
So how does the jury pick process work? Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not. Carly:
Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings? Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter. Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury? Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case - the plaintiff and defendant. Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case.
Max: Thank you, I m really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done. Question:
Who oversees the jury selection process?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead? Mark s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then. Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse. Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on. Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence? Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant s. Mark s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime. Judge Smith: 1 see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned. Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

Many countries distinguish between ... law and public law.

Most civil cases are usually considered in...

... is a pivotal document from 1215 that limited the monarch s power and set the stage for individual rights and freedoms.

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Maria is a law student studying different legal systems around the world. In her recent class, the professor asked the students to identify the two main traditions of law.
Maria is confused and wants to ensure she understands the differences between Common Law and Continental Law.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly identifies the two main traditions of law in the world?

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: John is preparing for his final exam in his law course. He comes across a scenario where a country is involved in a dispute with another nation regarding trade regulations. He needs to determine which area of law primarily governs this situation. Question: Which area of law is most relevant to the dispute between the two nations regarding trade regulations?

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Sarah is a small business owner who recently faced a dispute with a supplier over a delayed shipment that affected her ability to serve her customers. Unsure of her rights and the best course of action, she considers seeking legal advice. Question: What are two primary motives for making and enforcing laws that Sarah should understand as she navigates her situation?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Lila: Have you read the new law passed by Congress last week? It s about regulating environmental pollution.Mark: No, I haven t. How is it different from the current regulations? Lila: Well, it gives more power to federal agencies in enforcing and monitoring compliance with environmental laws. And it also imposes stricter penalties for violations.Mark: That sounds like a good step towards protecting our environment. But what about local laws? Do they have any impact on this issue?Lila: Yes, definitely. Each state has its own set of environmental laws that are tailored to their specific needs and challenges.Mark: Right, I remember learning about that in my Environmental Law class. So even if there are national laws in place, local governments can create additional regulations? Lila:
Exactly. They can provide more detailed rules that cater to the particular needs of the community. And these local laws must comply with both state and federal laws.Mark: Interesting. These different levels of laws can get quite complex.Lila: Definitely.
And it reflects the unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state. That s why we have diverse legal systems around the world.Mark: Yeah, I never realized how vast and intricate the field of law is.Lila: It sure is. And keeping up with all the changes and developments is no easy task.Mark: You re right about that. Thanks for explaining everything to me, Lila. I really appreciate it.Lila: Anytime, Mark. That s what friends are for!Question: According to Lila, why do we have diverse legal systems around the world?

The term for the sum of money paid to the court to issue proceedings is...

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.Josh: Tell me about it. And then there s comparative law on top of that.Samantha: Comparative law? What s that again?Josh: It s a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don t forget about international law.Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues. Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.Josh: No kidding. But it s also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics. social justice, and even war.Josh: Exactly. There s so much to learn and explore in the field of law. Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: James owns a small bakery in a residential neighborhood. One day, he decides to install an outdoor seating area for customers. To create the seating area, he places several tables and chairs on the sidewalk directly outside his shop. However, James does not leave enough space for pedestrians to pass comfortably. A neighbor, Sarah, complains that she has to walk into the street to get around the seating area, which is dangerous, especially with heavy traffic. After a few weeks, Sarah trips over one of the chairs that has been pushed out onto the sidewalk and injures her ankle. She decides to take legal action against James. Question: What legal principle is primarily at play in Sarah s case when she decides to sue James for her injury?

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work. Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Emily is a professional photographer who rents a studio space in a busy downtown area. One day, while she is setting up for a photoshoot, a heavy sign from an adjacent building falls and injures her. The sign was not properly secured, and Emily learns that the building owner had received complaints about it being loose but had not taken any action to fix it. Emily decides to file a lawsuit against the building owner for her injuries. Question: What legal principle is at play in Emily s case when she decides to sue the building owner for her injuries?

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system. Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?

The development of new codes of law in various countries was influenced by ...

... is a historical document from 1217 that established limits on the powers of the king and laid the groundwork for individual legal rights and liberties.

Laws are considered essential for society because...

The term "Magna Carta" is translated in English as ...

... is a body of laws governing private rights and obligations, primarily derived from Roman law and codified statutes.

... is legal responsibility for one's actions or failures to act, which may result in penalties, damages, or the obligation to compensate for harm caused.

A term which refers to the body of laws that govern private rights and obligations is called ...

"Jurisprudence" refers to ...

In civil law systems, the primary source of law is ...

If someone is accused of a crime, they have the right to a ... trial.

... is a popular assembly elected in the UK for a term of not more than 5 years by almost universal adult suffrage.

A characteristic of common law systems is ...

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer. Text: John was wrongfully convicted of theft based on faulty eyewitness testimony and inadequate legal representation. After serving two years in prison, new evidence emerged that proved his innocence.
John is now considering a lawsuit against the state for the wrongful conviction, seeking compensation for the time he lost and the emotional distress he experienced. Question: What legal principle is most applicable to John's situation?

The principle of … ensures that similar cases are treated alike in the legal system.

The term area of law" refers to ...

A key difference between international law and domestic law is ...

Federal law is ...

The area of law that deals with crimes and their punishments is known as ... law.

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer. Text: In a bustling city, various legal issues arise daily, impacting the lives of its residents. A local business owner faces a lawsuit from a competitor claiming unfair business practices. Meanwhile, a couple is navigating the complexities of divorce and child custody arrangements. Additionally, a musician seeks to protect their original songs from being copied Without permission. Each situation falls under different areas of law, highlighting the diverse legal landscape. Which area of law primarily focuses on the protection of individual freedoms and the enforcement of personal rights?

... receive instructions from their clients on a variety of matters both civil and criminal.

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer: You are a junior associate at a law firm specializing in corporate law.
Your supervisor has asked you to prepare a brief summary of an important legal concept that is frequently encountered in your practice area.
Question: What important legal concept should a junior lawyer prepare for in their practice?

Who presides over the hearing in a courtroom?

... have rights of audience in the higher courts.

A professional that typically has direct contact with clients is a ...

Lawyers may perform different functions: they give legal ... to clients, draft legal papers and represent a client in a court of law.

In a legal context, the primary responsibility of a prosecutor is ...

The primary role of a barrister is ...

Which of the following is NOT a type of court in England?

The purpose of a jury in a trial is ...

Serious criminal cases are typically heard in the ...

The primary role of a judge in the English court system is ...

The purpose of a summons is ...

The... is usually an assistant district attorney (state court cases) or assistant U.S. attorney (federal court cases).

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer. Mr. Baker, a manager at Green-water shopping centre, seeks to file a claim against his employer for unpaid overtime. According to his employment contract, he is entitled to overtime pay. What should Mr. Baker do first to address this issue?

What must be included in a complaint?

The first step in starting a civil action in court is ...

In which court would you typically start a small claims action?

A person who commits a tort is known as a ...

"Vicarious liability" is ...

The primary purpose of tort law is ...

Other types of torts include assault, battery, false imprisonment, and ....

.... is the element that establishes a direct link between the defendant's wrongdoing or negligence and the plaintiff's injury or damage.

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer. One sunny afternoon, Bob decides to host a barbecue in his backyard. He invites friends over and sets up a large grill. As the party progresses, Bob becomes distracted while socializing with his guests. In his excitement, he accidentally spills hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice's lawn, causing a small fire that damages her flowerbed and lawn. Alice, upon discovering the damage, confronts Bob about the incident. Bob apologizes but claims it was an accident and that he did not intend to harm Alice's
property. However, Alice is upset about the damage and the cost of replacing her flowers. Question:
What caused the damage to Alice's property?

A person has a legal ... to act in a way that does not cause harm to others.

The purpose of awarding ... in tort cases is to compensate the injured party for their losses.

An ... tort occurs when a person deliberately causes harm to another individual.

A driver runs a red light and causes an accident. This is an example of ...

Which head of tort involves causing harm through intentional actions?

If a person fails to meet the standard of care expected in a situation, it is considered a ... of duty.

A... is someone who commits a tort, which is a civil wrong.

The term ".." pertains to a party's neglect to fulfill their obligations or legal responsibilities towards another party.

The primary element required to establish negligence is …

If the ... is found guilty, the court can order punishment.

The tort of libel refers to ...

In tort law, the person who commits the wrongful act is called the ....

In the context of product liability, the entity or person who can be held responsible for damage caused by faulty goods is...

The foundation of the common law system in England took shape in ...

A... is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person.

The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is ...

.. is a customary practice that evolves into societal norms over time.

... covers attacks against someone's reputation through the written or spoken word.