тесты по иностранному языку в сфере юриспруденции для Синергии

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it's not the most thrilling subject, but it's important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort.
It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor's expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you'll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I'm still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you're going to make a great lawyer. Now let's go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let's go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?

Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: James is a university student studying law in England.
He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?

Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Maria is a law student studying different legal systems around the world. In her recent class, the professor asked the students to identify the two main traditions of law. Maria is confused and wants to ensure she understands the differences between Common Law and Continental Law.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly identifies the two main traditions of law in the world?

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Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It's crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.
John: Yeah, it's fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?
Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces - gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?
John: It's definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country's legal system.
Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.
John: That's true. I've heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.
Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.
John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It's pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.
Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society.
John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.
Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all?
Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn't just let it go and not do anything about it.
Carly: Right, but isn't going to court going to be expensive?
Max: It's worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses.
Carly: That's true. But don't you have to prove your claims in order to win the case?
Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have everything organized and ready to present.
Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court?
Max: Honestly, I'm not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense.
Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost?
Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we'll win this case.
Carly: Wow, okay. So how does the jury pick process work?
Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Carly: Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings?
Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter.
Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury?
Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non-English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case - the plaintiff and defendant.
Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case.
Max: Thank you, I'm really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done.
Question: Who oversees the jury selection process?

Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?

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Kelly: Wow, that's a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it?
Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I'm still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.
Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?
Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.
Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?
Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.
Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?
Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it's one of proximity or not.
Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.
Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.
Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.
Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it's important to constantly stay informed and educated.
Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.
Text: Sarah is a small business owner who recently faced a dispute with a supplier over a delayed shipment that affected her ability to serve her customers. Unsure of her rights and the best course of action, she considers seeking legal advice.
Question: What are two primary motives for making and enforcing laws that Sarah should understand as she navigates her situation?

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Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead?
Mark's Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th.
We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.
Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then.
Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse.
Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on.
Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence?
Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant's.
Mark's Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it's possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime.
Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I'm declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.
Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is...

A. United States
B. France
C. Saudi Arabia
D. India
E. Japan
1. Common Law
2. Civil Law
3. Religious Law
4. Mixed Legal System
5. Civil Law influenced by Customary Law

The party that bears the burden of proof in a criminal case is ...

A. Tax Attorney
B. Immigration Lawyer
C. Family Lawyer
D. Real Estate Lawyer
E. Intellectual Property Lawyer
1. A lawyer who assists clients with legal issues related to taxes.
2. A lawyer specializing in issues such as visas, asylum, and citizenship.
3. A lawyer who deals with family-related issues such as divorce, child custody, and adoption.
4. A lawyer handling transactions and disputes involving real estate properties.
5. A legal professional who handles matters such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Put the following events in chronological order:

A. Verdict
B. Minor criminal case
C. Trespass to property
D. To overturn a decision
E. Re-examine the judgment
1. The final decision made by a jury or judge about whether someone is guilty or not.
2. A legal matter involving less serious crimes, often resulting in lighter penalties.
3. Entering someone else's land or building without permission.
4. To change or cancel a choice made by a judge or authority.
5. Looking at a previous court decision again to see if it was correct.

A. Criminal Law
B. Civil Law
C. Contract Law
D. Family Law
E. Property Law
F. Tort Law
G. Administrative Law
1. The branch of law concerning crimes and punishments.
2. The body of law governing disputes between private individuals, including obligations and liabilities.
3. The area of law that governs agreements and promises between parties.
4. The area of law that deals with family-related issues such as marriage and custody.
5. The field of law related to the ownership and use of property.
6. The body of law dealing with civil wrongs arising from wrongful acts.
7. The area of law regulating the actions of governmental agencies and their interactions with citizens.

A. We either settle this dispute now
B. The convicted defendant either pays a fine
C. We have received your fax
D. We object not only to the terms of payment,
E. Neither weapons
1. or l go to court.
2. or goes to prison.
3. as well as your letter dated 20th of May.
4. but also to the terms of delivery.
5. nor drugs have been intercepted.

Put the following steps in the correct order:

Most civil claims in England are filed in the ...

The following country primarily follows a civil law system:

The concept of "stare decisis" is most closely associated the legal system of ...

A. In order to bring a successful claim against someone for negligence,
B. The duty of care
C. In the UK and the USA most cases in tort
D. Both statute and the common law contain rules about the situations
1. the claimant must prove that the defendant was in breach of his or her duty of care.
2. is the duty to make sure that your conduct does not harm anyone.
3. are based upon the tort of negligence.
4. in which people are liable for their acts and their omissions.

A. Contractual relationship
B. To be liable to somebody
C. To owe a duty to somebody
D. To make a claim based on something
E. To be imposed by law
1. A connection between parties that is based on an agreement with specific terms and conditions.
2. To have a responsibility or obligation towards someone, often in terms of payment or accountability.
3. To have an obligation to act in a certain way toward another person, often due to moral or legal reasons.
4. To assert or demand something as your right because of certain evidence or reasons.
5. To be required or enforced by legal rules or regulations.

The term for the sum of money paid to the court to issue proceedings is...

A. Court fee
B. Custodial sentence
C. Community service
D. To be found guilty of something
E. To award damages
1. A charge that must be paid to the court for processing legal cases or documents.
2. A punishment where a person is sent to prison for a certain period of time.
3. Work that people do for the benefit of their community, often instead of serving time in jail.
4. To be declared responsible for committing a crime after a legal trial.
5. To give money as a payment for harm or loss caused by someone else's actions.

The primary purpose of tort law is ...

In civil cases, the court can award ... to compensate the person who has suffered:

The primary source of law in a civil law system is ...

A. Law of Contract
B. Company Law
C. Land Law
D. Law of Trust
E. Employment Law
1. Regulates the formation, enforcement, and breach of agreements between parties.
2. Governs the formation, operation, and dissolution of companies and corporations.
3. Deals with the ownership, use, and transfer of real property.
4. Concerns the legal relationships involving trusts, trustees, and beneficiaries.
5. Governs the rights and obligations of employers and employees.

The primary function of civil courts in the English legal system is ...

The main difference between tort law and criminal law is that the ...

Put the stages of criminal proceedings in the correct order:

Which head of tort involves causing harm through intentional actions?

A driver runs a red light and causes an accident. This is an example of ...

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer. Emily was walking her dog in the park when she slipped on a wet patch of grass that had not been marked with any warning signs. The park management had been informed about the slippery conditions days earlier but failed to take any action. As a result of her fall, Emily suffered a broken wrist and incurred medical expenses. She is considering filing a lawsuit against the park management for negligence.
Question: Which head of tort is most applicable in Emily's case?

The primary element required to establish negligence is ...

A. Negligence
B. Nuisance
C. Trespass to Land
D. Trespass to the Person
E. Defamation
F. Product Liability
G. Vicarious Liability
1. Failing to take appropriate care, resulting in harm to another person.
2. Interfering with a person's ability to use or enjoy their property, such as noise or pollution.
3. Unlawfully entering or remaining on someone else's property without permission.
4. Unauthorized physical interference with someone else's person, such as assault or battery.
5. Making false statements about someone that harm their reputation.
6. Causing harm or loss through the use of a product that is defective or not safe for use.
7. Holding an employer responsible for the negligent actions of their employee.

In a negligence case, the standard of care is generally measured against...

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer. One sunny afternoon, Bob decides to host a barbecue in his backyard. He invites friends over and sets up a large grill. As the party progresses, Bob becomes distracted while socializing with his guests. In his excitement, he accidentally spills hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice's lawn, causing a small fire that damages her flowerbed and lawn. Alice, upon discovering the damage, confronts Bob about the incident. Bob apologizes but claims it was an accident and that he did not intend to harm Alice's property.
However, Alice is upset about the damage and the cost of replacing her flowers. Question: What caused the damage to Alice's property?

... Is the element that establishes a direct link between the defendant's wrongdoing or negligence and the plaintiff's injury or damage.

"Vicarious liability" is ...

Match the term with its correct definition:
A. Punishment
B. Wrongdoer
C. Tortfeasor
D. Liability
1. A consequence imposed for wrongdoing, often involving penalties.
2. A person who commits a wrongful act or offense.
3. A person who has committed a tort, leading to civil liability.
4. The legal responsibility for one's actions or omissions.

Wilfred Phelps, age 65, is driving his Nissan Altima down Main Street when he suffers the first seizure (a sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain) of his life. He loses control of his vehicle and runs into three people on the sidewalk. Which statement is true?

In a negligence claim, which element must the plaintiff prove?

Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?

Arrange the steps involved in starting a legal action in court in the correct order:

A. Complaint
B. Summons
C. Defendant
D. Jurisdiction
E. Service of Process
1. A formal statement outlining the plaintiff's claims.
2. A document that notifies the defendant of the lawsuit.
3. The party being sued in a lawsuit.
4. The authority of a court to hear a case.
5. The act of delivering legal documents to parties involved in a lawsuit.

In which court would you typically start a small claims action?

What must be included in a complaint?

A. Claim Form
B. Court Fee
C. Claimant
D. Conditional Bail
E. Damages
1. A document submitted to the court to initiate legal proceedings.
2. A payment required to file a case or appeal in court.
3. The person who initiates a lawsuit or makes a claim in court.
4. Release from custody under certain conditions, pending trial.
5. A sum of money awarded to a party in a lawsuit as compensation for loss or injury.

The first step in starting a civil action in court is ...

The highest court in England is the ...

Serious criminal cases are typically heard in the ...

Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order:

Read the text below and answer the question.
There's only one correct answer. In the case of Johnson v. Smith, Mr. Johnson, a resident of London, purchased a new roof from a construction company owned by Mr. Smith. After completing the installation, Mr. Johnson discovered multiple leaks during the first rainstorm and claimed that the work was poorly done. He attempted to resolve the issue directly with Mr. Smith, but the company refused to fix the roof without additional payment. Consequently, Mr. Johnson filed a lawsuit against Mr. Smith in the County Court, seeking damages for the cost of repairs and associated losses. Question: What type of case is Johnson v. Smith likely to be classified as in the English courts?

The primary role of a judge in the English court system is...