💯 Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции Синергия Ответы на тесты 1-8, итоговый тест и компетентностный

… is the principle that ensures fair and equal treatment under the law, regardless of wealth or status.

The correct order of events in a typical criminal trial is …

… is a comprehensive system of laws governing private rights and duties, primarily influenced by Roman law and codified regulations.

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a level of national law?

The document used by a claimant to start legal action against the defendant is called a …

"Magna Carta" literally means …

… law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations in civil matters.

The party that bears the burden of proof in a criminal case is …

The … presented strong arguments to support her client’s case today.

In civil cases, the court can award … to compensate the person who has suffered:

The … found at the scene helped the police solve the mystery quickly.

The tort of libel refers to …

In England, most civil claims are filed with the … court.

"Jurisprudence" refers to …

The concept of “stare decisis” is most closely associated the legal system of …

Defamation is primarily concerned with …

… law states citizens’ rights and duties and regulates relationships between different branches of the state.

… covers attacks against someone’s reputation through the written or spoken word.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead?
Mark’s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.
Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then.
Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse.
Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on.
Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence?
Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant’s.
Mark’s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it’s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime.
Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I’m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.
Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

Many torts are based on … law, which relies on precedents set by previous cases.

The type of law usually involved in cases brought before criminal courts is ...

… liability allows for suing the employer of a person who commits a tort during normal employment.

… is a key element in many tort cases, where the defendant fails to exercise reasonable care.

International law regulates relations between … and between private citizens of different countries.

An … tort occurs when a person deliberately causes harm to another individual.

Statutory torts are those that come from … , where the breach of duty is defined in legal code.

A successful tort claim may result in the award of … to compensate the victim for their losses.

In tort law, the person who commits the wrongful act is called the … .

If a person fails to meet the standard of care expected in a situation, it is considered a … of duty.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it’s not the most thrilling subject, but it’s important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor’s expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you’ll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I’m still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you’re going to make a great lawyer. Now let’s go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let’s go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
John: So, Sarah… When did you decide to become a lawyer?
Sarah: I’ve always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.
John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?
Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.
John: That’s cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.
Sarah: It definitely wasn’t an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now.
John: Yeah, that’s why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.
Sarah: It’s not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.
John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?
Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.
John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging.
Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?
John: Just a year, but I already feel like I’m learning so much from everyone here.
Sarah: That’s great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.
John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover.
Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.
John: Of course. Good luck with your case!
Sarah: Thanks. Have a good evening, John!
Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?

The primary origin of most rules of law is …

In tort law, the person responsible for proving the elements of the case is called …

The judicial power belongs to … .

The … took several weeks, but everyone was eager to hear the verdict.

Which of the following is NOT typically a matter dealt with in civil courts?

The entity that typically starts criminal actions is …

Federal law is …

Most civil claims in England are filed in the …

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer: You are a junior associate at a law firm specializing in corporate law. Your supervisor has asked you to prepare a brief summary of an important legal concept that is frequently encountered in your practice area. Question: What important legal concept should a junior lawyer prepare for in their practice?

In civil law systems, the primary source of law is …

The following is NOT a form of defamation …

Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?

A driver runs a red light and causes an accident. This is an example of …

The primary role of a barrister is …

… is an individual or a body responsible for creating, amending, and enacting laws on behalf of the state.

In the context of product liability, the entity or person who can be held responsible for damage caused by faulty goods is …

There are … and criminal courts within the English legal system.

… receive instructions from their clients on a variety of matters both civil and criminal.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?
Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.
Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.
Josh: Tell me about it. And then there’s comparative law on top of that.
Samantha: Comparative law? What’s that again?
Josh: It’s a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.
Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?
Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.
Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don’t forget about international law.
Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues.
Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.
Josh: No kidding. But it’s also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.
Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.
Josh: Exactly. There’s so much to learn and explore in the field of law.
Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?

Who presides over the hearing in a courtroom?

A … is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person.

The … is responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring justice is served.

In a criminal case, the … must prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

A legal system that is known for its reliance on written codes and statutes is called …

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Kelly: Wow, that’s a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it?
Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I’m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.
Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?
Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.
Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?
Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.
Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?
Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it’s one of proximity or not.
Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.
Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.
Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.
Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it’s important to constantly stay informed and educated.
Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

In criminal cases, if the police have enough evidence, they can make a formal … against a suspect.

The process of starting a claim in civil court is commonly called …

The purpose of a jury in a trial is …

The highest court in England is the …

The development of new codes of law in various countries was influenced by …

Match the statements with its descriptions
A. Laws set the standard for acceptable (and unacceptable) behaviors.
B. Laws provide access to justice.
C. Laws keep everyone safe.
D. Laws make human rights a reality.
E. Laws are important for social progress.
F. Laws establish societal norms and define what behaviors are considered illegal, addressing conflicts and societal issues.
G. Laws facilitate a legal recourse for those harmed, ensuring that justice is pursued regardless of social status.
H. Laws play a vital role in protecting individuals from harm, exemplified by regulations in the food industry to ensure safety.
I. Laws enshrine fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to, promoting equality and justice.
J. Laws drive societal change and advancement, challenging oppressive practices and promoting equality in various aspects of life.

Laws are considered essential for society because …

… is a legal system developed in England based on court precedents and judicial decisions rather than statutory laws.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tort law?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all?
Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn’t just let it go and not do anything about it.
Carly: Right, but isn’t going to court going to be expensive?
Max: It’s worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses.
Carly: That’s true. But don’t you have to prove your claims in order to win the case?
Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have everything organized and ready to present.
Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court?
Max: Honestly, I’m not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense.
Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost?
Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we’ll win this case.
Carly: Wow, okay. So how does the jury pick process work?
Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Carly: Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings?
Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter.
Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury?
Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non-English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case - the plaintiff and defendant.
Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case.
Max: Thank you, I’m really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done.
Question: Who oversees the jury selection process?

The primary source of most legal principles is …

The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is …

Match the terms with its description:
A. Negligence
B. Nuisance
C. Trespass to Land
D. Trespass to the Person
E. Defamation
F. Product Liability
G. Vicarious Liability
H. Failing to take appropriate care, resulting in harm to another person.
I. Interfering with a person’s ability to use or enjoy their property, such as noise or pollution.
J. Unlawfully entering or remaining on someone else’s property without permission.
K. Unauthorized physical interference with someone else’s person, such as assault or battery.
L. Making false statements about someone that harm their reputation.
M. Causing harm or loss through the use of a product that is defective or not safe for use.
N. Holding an employer responsible for the negligent actions of their employee.

The area of law that deals with crimes and their punishments is known as … law.

… is a popular assembly elected in the UK for a term of not more than 5 years by almost universal adult suffrage.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It’s crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.
John: Yeah, it’s fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?
Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces – gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?
John: It’s definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country’s legal system.
Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.
John: That’s true. I’ve heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.
Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.
John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It’s pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.
Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society.
John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.
Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?

The primary function of civil courts in the English legal system is …

Match the words with their definitions:

A legal system that combines elements of religious law with secular law is …

Many countries distinguish between … law and public law.

A primary function of solicitors is …

National law includes laws at the national, state, regional, and … levels.

A document that formally initiates a lawsuit is a(n) …

​​​​The … is the second-highest court in England and Wales.

A key difference between international law and domestic law is …

… refers to ordinances and regulations enacted by local government entities, such as cities, towns, or counties.

A … is a legal document that grants someone the authority to act on behalf of another person.

An example of a statutory tort is …

According to legal theorist Salmond, law is defined as …

The primary purpose of tort law is …

… is a customary practice that evolves into societal norms over time.

If the … is found guilty, the court can order punishment.

In England, the legal profession is divided into two main types. These are:

Match the tort with its basis of liability:
A. Intentional Tort
B. Negligence
C. Strict Liability
D. Vicarious Liability
E. Liability arising from deliberate actions that cause harm
F. Liability stemming from a failure to act with reasonable care.
G. Liability without fault, typically in cases involving hazardous activities.
H. Liability for harm caused by others’ actions based on the relationship.

Lawyers may perform different functions: they give legal … to clients, draft legal papers and represent a client in a court of law.

Arrange series of events related to the legal profession in the correct chronological order:

The term "area of law" refers to …

Put the following steps in the correct order for a civil lawsuit:

An example of a source of national law is …

The purpose of legal norms is …

Arrange the following influences on the development of law in chronological order:

… is an established and accepted way of behavior in defined circumstances that develops into a norm within a society.

… is a body of laws governing private rights and obligations, primarily derived from Roman law and codified statutes.

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Text: Emily is a professional photographer who rents a studio space in a busy downtown area. One day, while she is setting up for a photoshoot, a heavy sign from an adjacent building falls and injures her. The sign was not properly secured, and Emily learns that the building owner had received complaints about it being loose but had not taken any action to fix it. Emily decides to file a lawsuit against the building owner for her injuries.
Question: What legal principle is at play in Emily’s case when she decides to sue the building owner for her injuries?