💯 Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции Синергия Ответы на тесты 1-8, итоговый тест и компетентностный

The document used by a claimant to start legal action against the defendant is called a …

The correct order of events in a typical criminal trial is …

… law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations in civil matters.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
John: So, Sarah… When did you decide to become a lawyer?
Sarah: I’ve always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.
John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?
Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.
John: That’s cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.
Sarah: It definitely wasn’t an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now.
John: Yeah, that’s why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.
Sarah: It’s not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.
John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?
Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.
John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging.
Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?
John: Just a year, but I already feel like I’m learning so much from everyone here.
Sarah: That’s great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.
John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover.
Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.
John: Of course. Good luck with your case!
Sarah: Thanks. Have a good evening, John!
Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?

In England, most civil claims are filed with the … court.

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a level of national law?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead?
Mark’s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.
Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then.
Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse.
Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on.
Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence?
Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant’s.
Mark’s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it’s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime.
Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I’m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.
Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

A successful tort claim may result in the award of … to compensate the victim for their losses.

The … found at the scene helped the police solve the mystery quickly.

"Magna Carta" literally means …

Defamation is primarily concerned with …

Which of the following is NOT typically a matter dealt with in civil courts?

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it’s not the most thrilling subject, but it’s important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor’s expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you’ll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I’m still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you’re going to make a great lawyer. Now let’s go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let’s go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?

A … is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person.

… is a comprehensive system of laws governing private rights and duties, primarily influenced by Roman law and codified regulations.

The primary source of most legal principles is …

… is the principle that ensures fair and equal treatment under the law, regardless of wealth or status.

In tort law, the person responsible for proving the elements of the case is called …

The party that bears the burden of proof in a criminal case is …

Most civil claims in England are filed in the …

… covers attacks against someone’s reputation through the written or spoken word.

The … presented strong arguments to support her client’s case today.

In tort law, the person who commits the wrongful act is called the … .

Statutory torts are those that come from … , where the breach of duty is defined in legal code.

… law states citizens’ rights and duties and regulates relationships between different branches of the state.

In the context of product liability, the entity or person who can be held responsible for damage caused by faulty goods is …

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all?
Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn’t just let it go and not do anything about it.
Carly: Right, but isn’t going to court going to be expensive?
Max: It’s worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses.
Carly: That’s true. But don’t you have to prove your claims in order to win the case?
Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have everything organized and ready to present.
Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court?
Max: Honestly, I’m not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense.
Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost?
Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we’ll win this case.
Carly: Wow, okay. So how does the jury pick process work?
Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Carly: Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings?
Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter.
Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury?
Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non-English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case - the plaintiff and defendant.
Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case.
Max: Thank you, I’m really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done.
Question: Who oversees the jury selection process?

The following is NOT a form of defamation …

In civil cases, the court can award … to compensate the person who has suffered:

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Kelly: Wow, that’s a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it?
Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I’m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.
Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?
Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.
Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?
Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.
Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?
Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it’s one of proximity or not.
Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.
Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.
Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.
Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it’s important to constantly stay informed and educated.
Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

The tort of libel refers to …

The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is …

A driver runs a red light and causes an accident. This is an example of …

An … tort occurs when a person deliberately causes harm to another individual.

The entity that typically starts criminal actions is …

The concept of “stare decisis” is most closely associated the legal system of …

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?
Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.
Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.
Josh: Tell me about it. And then there’s comparative law on top of that.
Samantha: Comparative law? What’s that again?
Josh: It’s a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.
Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?
Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.
Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don’t forget about international law.
Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues.
Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.
Josh: No kidding. But it’s also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.
Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.
Josh: Exactly. There’s so much to learn and explore in the field of law.
Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?

… is a key element in many tort cases, where the defendant fails to exercise reasonable care.

The type of law usually involved in cases brought before criminal courts is ...

In criminal cases, if the police have enough evidence, they can make a formal … against a suspect.

Many torts are based on … law, which relies on precedents set by previous cases.

The primary origin of most rules of law is …

Many countries distinguish between … law and public law.

National law includes laws at the national, state, regional, and … levels.

The main difference between tort law and criminal law is that the …

… is a customary practice that evolves into societal norms over time.

A legal system that combines elements of religious law with secular law is …

The primary function of civil courts in the English legal system is …

Put the steps of the judicial process in the correct order:

A document that formally initiates a lawsuit is a(n) …

What must be included in a complaint?

If a person fails to meet the standard of care expected in a situation, it is considered a … of duty.

In a negligence case, the standard of care is generally measured against …

The primary purpose of tort law is …

Arrange the criminal justice process in the right order:

1. A crime is reported or discovered.
2. Law enforcement conducts an investigation.
3. The defendant is arraigned and enters a plea.
4. The trial takes place, with both sides presenting evidence.
5. If found guilty, the defendant is sentenced.

According to legal theorist Salmond, law is defined as …

The primary source of law in a civil law system is …

… liability allows for suing the employer of a person who commits a tort during normal employment.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tort law?

… is a legal system developed in England based on court precedents and judicial decisions rather than statutory laws.

… is an individual or a body responsible for creating, amending, and enacting laws on behalf of the state.

According to Salmond, law is defined as …

Laws are considered essential for society because …

The term "Magna Carta" is translated in English as …

A legal system that is known for its reliance on written codes and statutes is called …

A term which refers to the body of laws that govern private rights and obligations is called …

The … is responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring justice is served.

… refers to ordinances and regulations enacted by local government entities, such as cities, towns, or counties.

Federal law is …

The area of law that deals with crimes and their punishments is known as … law.

The term "area of law" refers to …

… receive instructions from their clients on a variety of matters both civil and criminal.

The primary role of a barrister is …

Who presides over the hearing in a courtroom?

Originally, the jurors were neighbourhood … who passed judgment on the basis of what they themselves knew.

The … Court deals with appeals from lower courts.

​​​​The … is the second-highest court in England and Wales.

The highest court in England is the …

Which of the following is NOT a type of court in England?

All criminal offenses are technically considered statutory crimes since they are all prohibited by ….

… is a pivotal document from 1215 that limited the monarch s power and set the stage for individual rights and freedoms.

… is a legal framework originating in England that relies on judicial precedents rather than written statutes.

An example of a statutory tort is …

International law regulates relations between … and between private citizens of different countries.

Many people believe that … should be fair and equal for everyone involved.

The process of starting a claim in civil court is commonly called …

Arrange the following areas of law in order from most general to most specific:

1. Public Law
2. Administrative Law
3. Constitutional Law
4. Criminal Law

If the … is found guilty, the court can order punishment.

Laws are deemed crucial for society because …

Match the words with their definitions:

The … listened carefully to both sides before making a decision.

The branch of law that regulates relationships between different government branches is …

… is an individual or entity tasked with formulating, modifying, and implementing laws on behalf of the government.

Match the principles of law with its purposes:

Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order:

1. The claimant files a lawsuit
2. The defendant responds to the claim
3. Evidence is presented in court
4. The court reaches a verdict
5. The court may order remedies or compensation

The foundation of the common law system in England took shape in …

A primary function of solicitors is …

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Lila: Have you read the new law passed by Congress last week? It’s about regulating environmental pollution.
Mark: No, I haven’t. How is it different from the current regulations?
Lila: Well, it gives more power to federal agencies in enforcing and monitoring compliance with environmental laws. And it also imposes stricter penalties for violations.
Mark: That sounds like a good step towards protecting our environment. But what about local laws? Do they have any impact on this issue?
Lila: Yes, definitely. Each state has its own set of environmental laws that are tailored to their specific needs and challenges.
Mark: Right, I remember learning about that in my Environmental Law class. So even if there are national laws in place, local governments can create additional regulations?
Lila: Exactly. They can provide more detailed rules that cater to the particular needs of the community. And these local laws must comply with both state and federal laws.
Mark: Interesting. These different levels of laws can get quite complex.
Lila: Definitely. And it reflects the unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state. That’s why we have diverse legal systems around the world.
Mark: Yeah, I never realized how vast and intricate the field of law is.
Lila: It sure is. And keeping up with all the changes and developments is no easy task.
Mark: You’re right about that. Thanks for explaining everything to me, Lila. I really appreciate it.
Lila: Anytime, Mark. That’s what friends are for!
Question: According to Lila, why do we have diverse legal systems around the world?

In the criminal courts, cases are brought against a person who has broken the … .

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Text: Maria is a law student studying different legal systems around the world. In her recent class, the professor asked the students to identify the two main traditions of law. Maria is confused and wants to ensure she understands the differences between Common Law and Continental Law.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly identifies the two main traditions of law in the world?