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Билет 1
1. Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution system, where voltage is transformed from high to low, or the reverse. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer. Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more transformers.
In a large substation circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Substations do not usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby.
2. Read through the following sentences, choose parts of speech, fill in the table.
- Always inspect the working area for uninsulated wires, broken cord, and exposed electrical circuits beforehand.
- Do not make use of faulty electrical equipment at all times.
- Workers must wear personal protective equipment.
- Isolate electrical equipment before working on them.
- Have a prompt system for reporting and documenting electrical shock incidents in the workplace.
nouns | verbs | adjectives | prepositions |
3. Define and write out the Gerund, Participle I or Participle II; translate the sentences:
1. The first main line locomotive for standard gauge called “Ampere” was built in America in 1883.
2. The motor starts working when a current is passed through the motor circuit.
3. The engineer testing the work of the control devices in the cab of the experimental train which developed a very high speed.
4. In continental Europe there are many tourist lines operating only at summer weekends and using old steam locomotives.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1. Электропитание может проходить через несколько подстанций, между заводом производителем и потребителем.
2. Провода и кабели тянутся на многие километры от генератора.
3. Контактные линии известны в разных странах под разными именами.
4. Трансформатор помогает уменьшить напряжение.
Билет 2
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
Other devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation. Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose buildings. Substations are divided into transmission, distribution, collector and switching substations.
Electrified railways use substations, often distribution substations. Sometimes they are also transmission substations or collector substations if the railway network also operates its own grid and generators.
2. Open the brackets, choose the right Active or Passive form.
1. Damage to the electrical system most often (occurs/ is occurred) on the lines of networks.
2. In case of multi-phase short circuits, large currents flow in the damaged lines, which (must switch /must be switched) off by relay protection.
3.The main indicator (characterizies / is characterized) how well the grounding(perfoms/ is performed), is its resistance.
4. The magnitude of the grounding resistance (depends/ is depended) on the type and condition of the ground.
3. Translate paying attention to modal verbs.
1. All electrical equipment on the train has to be secured safely.
2. Before the current reaches the traction motor it should be transformed and rectified .
3. If trains are stopped and passengers have to be evacuated, the current has to be turned off before they can leave the cars and step on the track.
4. As electric locos can accelerate more rapidly, more trains can run on the same track.
5. To understand the principles of modern traction power control systems, we must know the difference between AC and DC circuitry.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1. Подстанции могут находиться на поверхности земли в огражденном пространстве, под землей или в специально-предназначенных зданиях.
2. Этот материал – хороший проводник электричества.
3. Контактные сети спроектированы, чтобы выдерживать высокое напряжение.
4. Переменный ток легче регулировать.
Билет 3
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
By transfer and distribution of electrical energy there is a necessity for increase or downturn variable voltage. To this purpose single – phase or three- phase transformers are applied. The elementary single – phase transformer consists of two coils – primary and secondary, dressed on the steel core – magnetic wire. The work of the transformers is based on occurrence of a mutual induction.
The basic parts of the transformers are: the core, winding of a maximum and lowest voltage, a tank with oil (if the transformer has oil cooling), isolators.
2. Fill in the prepositions: between, in, along(2), of, on, at, over.
1. To understand the principles… modern traction power control systems, we must know the difference … AC and DC circuitry.
2. DC travels… one direction only …a conductor.
3. AC flows one way… the conductor, then the other.
4. AC can be distributed … high voltages…a small size conductor wire.
5. DC needs a large, heavy wire or, … some DC railways, an extra rail.
3. Define and write out the Gerund, Participle I or Participle II; translate the sentences:
1. To continue accelerating the train, resistors are switched out in steps.
2. People making trips by underground railways usually read books or newspapers sitting in clean, comfortable carriages ignoring what is going on the roads.
3. On lines equipped with AC overhead wires special precautions are taken to reduce interference in communication cables.
4. Depending on how and with which grounding structures are connected we can distinguish between natural and artificial grounding.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1. Работа трансформаторов основывается на явлении взаимоиндукции.
2. Электрические ожоги, возгорания и поражения электрическим током — это 3 основных типа несчастных случаев, связанных с электричеством.3. Железная дорога перевозит и грузы и пассажиров.4. Питающие станции находятся на расстоянии от контактной сети. Билет 4
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
The core of the transformers is collected from the pieces of the transformer steel by thickness up to 0.5 mm. On a design of the core the transformers are divided on rod, when the windings claps cores and iron – clad in which windings located on an average core, are partially clasped by steel.
The winding of the transformer are carried out from a copper wire of the appropriate section. Closer to a steel core reels up a winding of the lowest voltage, as it is easier for isolating from a core. The winding of a maximum voltage is separated from a winding of the lowest voltage by isolation.
2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction
1. Some old steam locomotives are reported to be still operational on tourist routes in England. They attract a lot of tourists.
2. Steam locomotives are supposed to be the most reliable locos under war conditions.
3. November 6, 1924 is considered to be the birthday of the first mainline diesel-electric locomotive in Russia.
4. Russia is known to have had no electric railways before the October Revolution.
3. Open the brackets, use the Passive Voice.
1. Transformers (usually cool) by air or oil and called air-cooled transformers.
2. The three-phase AC induction motor (very rarely use) for modern railway traction.
3. Elevated railways of Japan (admire) by tourists from different countries.
4. The Simplon Tunnel route in Europe (electrify) in 1906.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1. Обмотка трансформатора выполнена из медной проволоки соответствующего сечения.
2. Оборудование изолируют перед началом работы.
3. Электровозы являются идеальными для пригородных перевозок.
4. Сердечник трансформатра изготавливается из стальных листов небольшой толщины.
Билет 5
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
The winding of the transformer are carried out from a copper wire of the appropriate section. Closer to a steel core reels up a winding of the lowest voltage, as it is easier for isolating from a core. The winding of a maximum voltage is separated from a winding of the lowest voltage by isolation.
The transformers of small capacity have natural air cooling. The transformers of significant capacity, as a rule, have oil cooling. At these transformers the core with windings is located in a steel tank with mineral transformer oil, which has high properties of isolation and good thermal conductivity.
2. Read through the following sentences, choose parts of speech, fill in the table.
People in contemporary world can hardly imagine their lives without machines. Every day either a new gadget is invented or an old one is improved. Different people appreciate new inventions differently. Some suppose that sophisticated gadgets are really useful and necessary, while others find them absolutely awful as they influence people badly.
As for me, I am pretty sure that gadgets make people`s lives easier. Firstly, they do all kinds of dirty and hard work, as cleaning. Secondly, devices can save a lot of time as well as storage space. For instance, a flash drive can contain the same amount of information as several thick books. So, machines help people in different spheres.
nouns | verbs | adjectives | prepositions |
3. Define and write out the Gerund, Participle I or Participle II; translate the sentences:
1.Field weakening is achieved by placing a resistance in parallel with the field.
2. On lines equipped with AC overhead wires special precautions are taken to reduce interference in communication cables.
3.The Japanese Railways started testing new locos for the famous Shinkansen.
4. A number of British Railway museums have both static and working steam locomotives demonstrating the leading role of Britain in early railway technology.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1. Обмотка максимального напряжения отделяется от обмотки самого низкого напряжения с помощью изоляции.
2. Специальное трансфоматорное масло имеет высокие изоляционные свойства и хорошую теплопроводность.
3. Электрический пожар является одним из наиболее распространенных видов пожаров на рабочих местах.4. Эта железная дорога электрифицирована. Билет 6
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
In 1872 Dr. William Robinson designed the basic closed track circuit. With this invention, Dr. Robinson laid the foundation for modern railway track circuiting.
The dc conventional track circuit was the first and is still the most commonly used signalling device.
But the application of dc track circuits to dc electrified railroads was not very successful. The situation was improved in 1901 by the introduction of the polarized track relay. There were many innovations in railway signalling based on the use of track circuit.
With the invention of transistors, solid-state track circuits were introduced on railroads. Further development led to the introduction of cab signalling and fully automatic operation of trains.
2. Fill in the prepositions- in(3), to(2), with(2), by, through :
1. Electrical accidents are very common… the workplace and they are caused … unprotected exposure … high voltage electrical outlets.
2. Electrical burns, electrical fires, and electrical shocks are 3 major types … electrical accidents.
3. Electrical shocks occur when bodily contact …electricity causes the current … run … your body.
4. Electrical fires occur when un-insulated wiring or broken circuits come … contact with flammable material …the workplace such as cotton and wood shavings.
3. Translate paying attention to modal verbs.
1.To understand the principles of modern traction power control systems, we must know the difference between AC and DC circuitry.
2. As electric locos can accelerate more rapidly, more trains can run on the same track.
3. If trains are stopped and passengers have to be evacuated, the current has to be turned off before they can leave the cars and step on the track.
4. Before the current reaches the traction motor it should be transformed and rectified .
5. All electrical equipment on the train has to be secured safely.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1.Обычная рельсовая цепь постоянного тока была первым и до сих пор остается наиболее часто используемым сигнальным устройством.
2. Провода и кабели тянутся на многие километры от генератора.
3.Контактные сети спроектированы, чтобы выдерживать высокое напряжение.
4. Питающие станции находятся на расстоянии от контактной сети.
Билет 7
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
The problem of safety in railway transportation becomes especially important on account of ever-increasing speeds. Safety on railways depends on many factors. One of them is signalling. A signal is a mechanical or electrical device showing train drivers the state of the line ahead. It indicates the train’s stop or start running and its speed. Railway signalling is a safety system used on railways to prevent trains from colliding.
Railway signals can be classified into audible and visible signals.
2. Match the synonyms:
1. means a) not moving
2. stationary b) to give a job
3. to employ c) to supply
4. to provide d) mode
5. movement e) space
6. to enable f) motion
7. room g) to make possible
8. fan h) operation
9. service i) ventilator
3. Open the brackets, choose the right Active or Passive form.
1.The mode is not a dangerous type of damage and(allows/ is allowed) to work for two hours.
2. Transformers in the locomotives (transform/ are transformed) this power to a lower voltage.
3. Therefore, protection against earth fault in the considered networks(performs/ is usually performed) only acting on the signal.
4. The feeder stations (are usually fed/ usually fed) from a high voltage electrical grid.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1. Проблема безопасности на железнодорожном транспорте становится особенно актуальной в связи с постоянно возрастающими скоростями.
2. Основной фактор в электрификации железных дорог- это выбор постоянного или переменного тока.3. Провода и кабели тянутся на многие километры от генератора.4.Первым изобретателем вольтметра был М.Фарадей в 1830 году, но вольтметр постоянно совершенствовался.
Билет 8
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
Workplace safety refers to the limitation of elements that can cause harm, accidents, and other negative outcomes in the workplace. It represents a culmination of policies, behaviors, and precautions that work to limit hazards, accidents, and other kinds of harm in a work environment.
More often than not, workplace safety directly affects the productivity and well-being of your workforce, and these directly affect the quality of output of your business. Hence, employers must strive to create a safe environment that offers an acceptable level of risk for all employees.
2. Form the Infinitives from the following words.
For example: transmission – to transmit
1) construction 2) rotation 3) provision 4) conversion 5) improvement 6) movement 7) driver 8) producer 9) powerful 10) forming 11) supported 12 )houses
3. Open the brackets, use the Passive Voice.
1. Elevated railways of Japan (admire) by tourists from different countries.
2. The three-phase AC induction motor (very rarely use) for modern railway traction.
3. Transformers (usually cool) by air or oil and called air-cooled transformers
4. The Simplon Tunnel route in Europe (electrify) in 1906.
4. Translate from Russian into English
- Следовательно, работодатели должны стремиться создать безопасную среду, обеспечивающую приемлемый уровень риска для всех сотрудников.
- Сегодня железные дороги используют контактные линии для передачи электроэнергии.
- Рабочие должны носить средства индивидуальной защиты.
- Контактные линии известны в разных странах под разными именами.
Билет 9
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
Electrical accidents are very common in the workplace and they are caused by unprotected exposure to high voltage electrical outlets. According to the Electrical Safety Foundation International, electrical hazards cause more than 300 deaths and 4,000 injuries in American workplaces every year. Electrical burns, electrical fires, and electrical shocks are 3 major types of electrical accidents. Electrical shocks occur when bodily contact with electricity causes the current to run through your body and in severe cases, it can lead to heart or respiratory failures.
2.Write in words these common and decimal fractions
1/3; 0.23; 2/5; 0.009; 5/8; 10.01; 7 ½; 205.35; 9 5/8; 79.31; 15 8/9; 0.0003.
3. Translate paying attention to modal verbs.
1. All electrical equipment on the train has to be secured safely.
2. As electric locos can accelerate more rapidly, more trains can run on the same track.
3. If trains are stopped and passengers have to be evacuated, the current has to be turned off before they can leave the cars and step on the track.
4. Before the current reaches the traction motor it should be transformed and rectified .
5. To understand the principles of modern traction power control systems, we must know the difference between AC and DC circuitry.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1.Электрические ожоги, возгорания и поражения электрическим током — это 3 основных типа несчастных случаев, связанных с электричеством.2. Контактные сети спроектированы, чтобы выдерживать высокое напряжение.
3. Питающие станции находятся на расстоянии от контактной сети. 4. Никогда не используйте неисправное электрооборудование. Билет 10
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
Many times, electrical burns are aftermaths of electrical shocks and they can be internal or external. Electrical fires occur when un-insulated wiring or broken circuits come in contact with flammable material in the workplace such as cotton and wood shavings.
When workers have to make use of faulty extension cords or work in environments littered with exposed power lines, they are directly at risk of electrical accidents. Such exposure can result in minor to major injuries especially burns, cardiac arrest, and even death (electrocution) in many cases.
2. Read through the following sentences, choose parts of speech, fill in the table.
- Always inspect the working area for uninsulated wires, broken cord, and exposed electrical circuits beforehand.
- Do not make use of faulty electrical equipment at all times.
- Workers must wear personal protective equipment.
- Isolate electrical equipment before working on them.
- Have a prompt system for reporting and documenting electrical shock incidents in the workplace.
nouns | verbs | adjectives | prepositions |
3. Fill in the prepositions- in(3), to(2), with(2), by, through :
1. Electrical accidents are very common… the workplace and they are caused … unprotected exposure … high voltage electrical outlets.
2. Electrical burns, electrical fires, and electrical shocks are 3 major types … electrical accidents.
3. Electrical shocks occur when bodily contact …electricity causes the current … run … your body.
4. Electrical fires occur when un-insulated wiring or broken circuits come … contact with flammable material …the workplace such as cotton and wood shavings.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1.Такое воздействие может привести к травмам от незначительных до серьезных, особенно к ожогам, остановке сердца и во многих случаях даже к смерти.2. Провода и кабели тянутся на многие километры от генератора.
3. Контактные сети спроектированы, чтобы выдерживать высокое напряжение.
4. Питающие станции находятся на расстоянии от контактной сети.
Билет 11
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
The railroad as a consumer of the Ist category requires uninterrupted power supply of train traction, signaling, centralization and blocking (SCB) devices and other railway devices. A part of the economy of railway transport are numerous electrification and energy devices. They provide uninterrupted supply of electricity to the contact network, SCB devices and other consumers of railways.
The power supply industry of all railways and industrial enterprises of railway transport is managed by the Department of Electrification and Power Supply of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation.
2. Match the synonyms:
1. means a) not moving
2. stationary b) to give a job
3. to employ c) to supply
4. to provide d) mode
5. movement e) space
6. to enable f) motion
7. room g) to make possible
8. fan h) operation
9. service i) ventilator
3. Define and write out the Gerund, Participle I or Participle II; translate the sentences:
1. The first main line locomotive for standard gauge called “Ampere” was built in America in 1883.
2. The motor starts working when a current is passed through the motor circuit.
3. The engineer testing the work of the control devices in the cab of the experimental train which developed a very high speed.
4. In continental Europe there are many tourist lines operating only at summer weekends and using old steam locomotives.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1.Частью хозяйства железнодорожного транспорта являются многочисленные электрические и энергетические устройства.2. Питающие станции находятся на расстоянии от контактной сети.
3. Рабочие должны носить средства индивидуальной защиты.4. Имейте оперативную систему для сообщения и документирования случаев поражения электрическим током на рабочем месте. Билет 12
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
With the XX century the railroad reached a high level of development. Railroad building continued on an extensive scale in some parts of the world, notably in Canada, Russia, China and Africa. But in many other countries construction declined until the second half of the century. Then it was revived, first by the demand for new city transit railroads or the expansion of existing systems and from 1970, by the creation in Europe and Japan of new high-speed intercity passenger lines. Railroads in many advanced countries found themselves operating in intense competition with other forms of transport.
2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction
1. Some old steam locomotives are reported to be still operational on tourist routes in England. They attract a lot of tourists.
2. Steam locomotives are supposed to be the most reliable locos under war conditions.
3. November 6, 1924 is considered to be the birthday of the first mainline diesel-electric locomotive in Russia.
4. Russia is known to have had no electric railways before the October Revolution. 2. Fill in the prepositions- in(3), to(2), with(2), by, through :
1. Electrical accidents are very common… the workplace and they are caused … unprotected exposure … high voltage electrical outlets.
2. Electrical burns, electrical fires, and electrical shocks are 3 major types … electrical accidents.
3. Electrical shocks occur when bodily contact …electricity causes the current … run … your body.
4. Electrical fires occur when un-insulated wiring or broken circuits come … contact with flammable material …the workplace such as cotton and wood shavings.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1.Железнодорожное строительство продолжалось в широких масштабах в некоторых частях мира, особенно в Канаде, России, Китае и Африке.2. Контактные сети спроектированы, чтобы выдерживать высокое напряжение.
3. Оборудование изолируют перед началом работы.
4. Электровозы являются идеальными для пригородных перевозок.
Билет 13
1.Translate the text, write 3 questions to the text.
New technology resulted in a steady reduction in electrification’s initial cost. Particularly influential was the successful French pioneering of electrification with a direct supply of high-voltage alternating current at the industrial frequency.
This stimulated large electrification programs in China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and India. Those railroads already electrified to a considerable extent.They adopted the high-voltage system.
So they either kept their existing systems or with the perfection of locomotives they are able to work with up to 4 different types of traction voltage – both alternating and direct current.
2.Write in words these common and decimal fractions
1/3; 0.23; 2/5; 0.009; 5/8; 10.01; 7 ½; 205.35; 9 5/8; 79.31; 15 8/9; 0.0003.
3. Open the brackets, choose the right Active or Passive form.
1.The mode is not a dangerous type of damage and(allows/ is allowed) to work for two hours.
2. Transformers in the locomotives (transform/ are transformed) this power to a lower voltage.
3. Therefore, protection against earth fault in the considered networks(performs/ is usually performed) only acting on the signal.
4. The feeder stations (are usually fed/ usually fed) from a high voltage electrical grid.
4. Translate from Russian into English
1.Новые технологии привели к неуклонному снижению первоначальных затрат на электрификацию.2. Никогда не используйте неисправное электрооборудование.3. Контактные сети спроектированы, чтобы выдерживать высокое напряжение.
4. Основной фактор в электрификации железных дорог- это выбор постоянного или переменного тока.
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