Ответы к экзамену: Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (Психология)

When we imagine something visually, it shows up in the visual …

This type of processing deals with shape, depth, colour and object recognition:

This scientist has spent his career looking at the structure and specific aspects of RNA molecules and how their interactions could help produce antibiotics and ward off diseases:

This physical trace of memory is known as the ….

There also appear to be specific … involved with the process of memory, such as epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine.

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ….

The three functions of memory are ….

The studies of creative people suggest the following number of components of creativity:

The psychologist who developed active imagination is …

The nomothetic approach typically uses scientific methods such as … and observations to obtain quantitative data. Group averages are statistically analyzed to create predictions about people in general.

The nomothetic approach involves establishing … or generalizations that apply to everyone.

The major psychology approaches are the following … (Select 3 correct answers):

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ….

The inventor of The NEO Personality Inventory is …

The following is NOT one of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences:

The concept of mental imagery was first consistently used in the then very new discipline of empirical psychology at the end of the 19th century. At that time, psychologists like Wilhelm … thought of mental imagery as a mental phenomenon characterized by its phenomenology – a quasi-perceptual episode with a certain specific phenomenal feel.

The concept of mental imagery was developed …

The … content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.

The … approach in psychology seeks general principles and patterns applicable to groups.

The … approach focuses on understanding individuals in their unique context.

Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of … in dealing with stress.

Select components that are important for creativity (select 2 correct answers):

Read the text below and answer the question: You are a practicing psychologist who prefers to focus on the individual and emphasize the unique personal experience of human nature. You understand the need for general laws but it’s not something that you pursue in your practice. Question: What is the name of your approach?

Read the text below and answer the question: You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. Question: What do you tell her?

Read the text below and answer the question: The mental status exam is a clinical assessment tool used to evaluate a person's cognitive and emotional functioning. It typically focuses on areas such as mood and affect, attention and concentration, appearance, and other mental processes. Question: Based on this information, which of the following areas would the mental status exam be unlikely to cover?

Read the text below and answer the question: Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened. Question: What is your interpretation, according to the theory?

Read the text below and answer the question: Sarah wants to be a psychologist. Her parents are against Sarah's decision. They want Sarah to study medicine. Sarah is upset and doesn't know what to do. Question: What should Sarah do?

Read the text below and answer the question: Ruby is a clever girl, but she has trouble building relationships with other people. Sometimes she hurts others’ feelings and doesn’t understand why they are getting offended. Last month her friend’s (Thomas) uncle died and Ruby didn’t support Thomas and told him he hadn’t even loved his uncle and always talked nasty about him. They quarreled and Ruby didn’t understand why, after all she just had stated facts. Question: What is Ruby’s key obstacle to making new friends and maintaining relationships with existing ones?

Read the text below and answer the question: Lily always needs some facts to solve a problem and doesn’t like to make things up. But her friend Ann often leans on her imagination. Question: Which of the girls has critical thinking and which has creative thinking?

Read the text below and answer the question: Jurors place a lot of weight on eyewitness testimony. Imagine you are an attorney representing a defendant who is accused of robbing a convenience store. Several eyewitnesses have been called to testify against your client. Question: What would you tell the jurors about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?

Read the text below and answer the question: John has problems at school: he can’t analyze books, lectures or films, however, he absorbs all the information and has a magnificent memory. But when he should conduct experiments or make a conclusion about “pitfalls” of different works or motives of other people he gets puzzled. Question: What should John work on developing?

Read the text below and answer the question: David’s brain was damaged after a car crash. Now David often needs help to reach objects and can’t define how far they are from him, so his wife helps him to get things he wants. Question: What brain area was damaged in the car crash?

Read the text below and answer the question: Brian is a very smart boy, however, he doesn’t excel at school work. He frequently retakes exams, argues with his teachers, barely manages to keep up with his group mates academically. Outside of school, though, he is a star. Everyone knows that if they need help with something, they can go to Brian and he can figure out a way to resolve their situation. Question: How would you characterize Brian?

Read the text and answer the question: John is in the seventh grade at school. His parents motivate him with money and gifts. For every good mark John gets money. Question: How can you explain this situation?

Read the text and answer the question below: Tina loves listening to music, because music inspires her to create new stories through images that she sees in her head at that time. Question: How would you describe the process that is happening to Tina?

Read the text and answer the question below: Rudy decided to write a story, using some images that had been in his head his whole life. One day he was rewatching his favorite film and spotted familiar images and realized where those images came from and what they meant. Question: What process was at work here?

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: What is the essence of Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking?

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?

Read the question below and select one correct answer: How do we cultivate creative thinking?

Read the description below and answer the question: This person is extremely bright, often relying more on facts than feelings. They prefer to think in a more logical and analytical way. Question: What is this person’s emotional type?

People with high emotional intelligence typically have well-developed …

Parental and … conflicts have been tied to the development of asthma.

Ochse's theory was developed in …

Neurons absorb … (select 2 correct answers):

Multiple Intelligences Theory was developed by …, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson.

Mental imagery is a(n) …

Match the words to create phrases:

Match the terms with their characteristics:

Match the English terminology with its equivalents in Russian:

Match the components of Freud’s theory with the corresponding phrases:

Match the beginning of phrases with their end:

Match English terms with their meaning in Russian:

Match English terminology with its equivalents in Russian:

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:

Match English sentences and their Russian equivalents:

Just about all psychologists believe that all of our long-term memories of things are…

JIFT is a self-report for …

IQ stands for … and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence.

In the brain, the visual cortex processes visual information and passes it from lower to higher areas of the brain which is also called … .

In recent years, … psychology has emerged as an area of study seeking to identify and promote qualities that lead to greater happiness and fulfillment in our lives. These components include positive affect, optimism, and flow.

In everyday life, generating creative ideas is a sign of creative performance and …’s purpose is to measure this idea generation. Ideation involves idea generation and attribution of value to it; thus, it can be an adequate creativity criterion.

In contrast, … thinking describes the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem.

Imagination is (typically) a … act.

Human … is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. It is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual.

From a nomothetic point of view, these are considered to describe the psychologically … of any personality adequately.

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ….

Even this early in the … system, retinal neurons are processing some of the information, turning it into something useful for the later neurons.

Creativity is often assessed as a function of one’s ability to engage in … thinking.

Creative individuals are remarkable for their ability to … (Select 2 correct answers):

Choose two wrong antithetical traits often present in creative people:

Arthur Jensen believed that …:

An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) … .

An example of a ‘love and belonging’ level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is …

An approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially on the brain and nervous system is called … .

An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity of positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny is called … .

Active imagination was developed by …

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, the three stages of memory are … memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

According to Freud, our personality develops from a(n)… between two forces: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus our internal (socialized) control over these drives.

A self-report checklist of CA2 consists of …

A high level of … may be useful for jobs that require a great deal of interaction with other people, like public relations, teaching, and sales.

“V1” is …

“Top-down processes” stands for …

« … affect» refers to one's propensity to experience positive emotions and interact with others and with life's challenges in a positive way.

‘Psyche’ is a Greek word meaning … .

… was the first to systematically study and theorize the workings of the unconscious mind in the manner that we associate with modern psychology.

… represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract. Broadly speaking, from V1, the information takes two paths — one for visual processing and the other for spatial.

… refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up and top-down processing.

… refers to the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

… processing, done in the posterior parietal lobe, near the top of the brain, deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space — either objects in space, or where the parts of a single object are in relation to each other.

… processing deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space.

… memory is a type of implicit memory: it stores information about how to do things.

… is when you look down on somebody derisively or suspiciously. What’s important about the expression is that the lips tighten on one side of the face but not the other.

… is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

… is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain. This process occurs thanks to our five sensory systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

… is one way in which people can reset their biological clocks.

… is not a dimension of job burnout:

… is most well-known for proposing the concept called the hierarchy of needs.

… is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality.

… is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.

… is another name for short-term memory