Real-Time Systems. Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications. Herman Kopetz. Second Edition (811374), страница 89
Текст из файла (страница 89)
Some examples of theseissues are: authentic identification of a smart object, autonomic management andself-organization of networks of smart objects, diagnostics and maintenance,context awareness and goal-oriented behavior, and intrusion of the privacy.Special attention must be given to smart objects that can act – more or lessautonomously – in the physical world and can physically endanger people andtheir environment.The advent of low-power wireless communication enables the communicationwith a smart object without the need of a physical connection. Mobile smart objectscan move around in the physical space while maintaining their identity.
The wideavailability of signals from the global positioning system (GPS) makes it possible tomake a smart object location and time-aware and offer services that are tuned to thecurrent context of use.We can envision an autonomic smart object that has access to a domainspecific knowledge base – similar to the conceptual landscape introduced inSect.
2.2 – and is empowered with reasoning capabilities to orient itself in theselected application domain. Based on the capability level of a smart object,[Kor10] distinguish between activity aware, policy aware, and process awaresmart objects.Example: A pay-per-use smart tool is an activity aware smart object that collects dataabout the time and intensity of its use and transmits the data autonomously to the billingdepartment. A policy-aware smart tool will know about its use cases and will ensure that itis not used outside the contracted use cases.
A process-aware smart tool will reason aboutits environment and guide the user how to optimally apply the tool in the given scenario.13.2 Drivers for an IoT309According to the IoT vision, a smart planet will evolve, where many of theeveryday things around us have an identity in cyberspace, acquire intelligence, andmash-up information from diverse sources. On the smart planet, the world economyand support systems will operate more smoothly and efficiently.
But the life of theaverage citizen will also be affected by changing the relation of power betweenthose that have access to the acquired information and can control the informationand those that do not.13.2Drivers for an IoTWhich are the forces that drive the development of the Internet of Things? They areon both sides of the technology landscape: technology push forces and technologypull forces.
The technology push forces see in the IoT a vast new market for thedeployment of current and future information and communication technologies(ICT). The IoT will help to utilize existing and new factories, provide new employment opportunities in the ICT sector, and contribute to the further development ofthe ICT technologies in general.In this section, the focus is mainly on technology pull forces.
Which areas of oureconomy, society, and life in general will benefit from the wide deployment ofthe IoT? The following analysis is not exhaustive – we are only highlighting somesectors where, according to our present understanding, the wide deployment of theIoT technology will have a major impact.13.2.1 Uniformity of AccessThe Internet has achieved the worldwide interoperability of heterogeneous endsystems over a wide variety of communication channels.
The IoT should extend thisinteroperability to the universe of heterogeneous smart objects. From the point ofview of reduction of the cognitive complexity (see Chap. 2), the IoT can make avery significant contribution: the establishment of a uniform access pattern tothings in the physical world.13.2.2 LogisticsThe first commercial application of a forerunner of the IoT, the RFID (RadioFrequency Identification – see Sect. 13.4) technology, is in the area of logistics.With the decision of some major corporations to base their supply-chain management on RFID technology, the development of low-cost RFID tags and RFID31013 Internet of Thingsreaders has moved forward significantly. There are many quantitative advantages inusing RFID technology in supply-chain management: the movement of goods canbe tracked in real-time, shelf space can be managed more effectively, inventorycontrol is improved, and above all, the amount of human involvement in the supplychain management is reduced considerably.13.2.3 Energy SavingsAlready today, embedded systems contribute to energy savings in manydifferent sectors of our economy and our life.
The increased fuel efficiencyof automotive engines, the improved energy-efficiency of household appliances, and the reduced loss in energy conversion are just some examples of theimpact of this technology on energy savings. The low cost and wide distribution of IoT devices opens many new opportunities for energy savings: individual climate and lighting control in residential buildings, reduced energyloss in transmission by the installation of smart grids, and better coordinationof energy supply and energy demand by the installation of smart meters.
Thedematerialization of parts of our life such as the replacement of physicalmeetings by virtual meetings and the delivery of information goods such asthe daily paper, music, and videos by the Internet, lead to substantial energysavings.13.2.4 Physical Security and SafetyA significant technology pull for the IoT technology comes from the domains ofphysical security and safety. Automated IoT based access control systems tobuildings and homes and IoT-based surveillance of public places will enhance theoverall physical security. Smart passports and IoT based identifications (e.g., asmart key to access a hotel room or a smart ski lift ticket) simplify admissioncontrols checks and increase the physical security, while reducing human involvement in these checks.
Car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication will alertthe driver of dangerous traffic scenarios, such as an icy road or an accident, andreduce the number of accidents.IoT technology can help to detect counterfeit goods and suspected unapprovedspare parts that are becoming a safety risk in some application domains such as theairline or automotive industry.On the other side, safety and security applications intrude into the privacy of ourlives.
It is up to policy makers to draw the fine line between the rights of a person toindividual privacy and the desire of the public to live in a safe environment. It is upto the scientists and engineers to provide the technology so that the politicaldecisions can be flawlessly implemented.13.3 Technical Issues of the IoT31113.2.5 IndustrialIn addition to streamlining the supply chain and the administration of goods by theapplication of RFID technology, the IoT can play a significant role in reducingmaintenance and diagnostic cost. The computerized observation and monitoring ofindustrial equipment does not only reduce maintenance cost because an anomaly canbe detected before it leads to a failure, but also improves the safety in the plant (seealso Sect.
11.6).A smart object can also monitor its own operation and call for preventive orspontaneous maintenance in case a part wears out or a physical fault is diagnosed.Automated fault-diagnosis and simple maintenance are absolutely essential prerequisites for the wide deployment of the IoT technology in the domain of ambientintelligence.13.2.6 MedicalThe wide deployment of IoT technology in the medical domain is anticipated.Health monitoring (heart rate, blood pressure, etc.) or precise control of drugdelivery by a smart implant are just two potential applications. Body area networksthat are part of the clothing can monitor the behavior of impaired persons and sendout alarm messages if an emergency is developing.
Smart labels on drugs can help apatient to take the right medication at the right time and enforce drug compliance.Example: A heart pacemaker can transmit important data via a Bluetooth link to a mobilephone that is carried in the shirt pocket. The mobile phone can analyze the data and call adoctor in case an emergency develops.13.2.7 Life StyleThe IoT can lead to a change in life-style. A smart phone can function as a browserfor smart objects and augment the reality we see with background informationretrieved from a diversity of context dependant databases.13.3Technical Issues of the IoT13.3.1 Internet IntegrationDepending on the computational capabilities and the available energy, a smartobject can be integrated into the Internet either directly or indirectly via a basestation that is connected to the Internet.
The indirect integration will be chosen31213 Internet of Thingswhen the smart object has a very limited power budget. Application specificpower-optimized protocols are used to connect the smart object to a near-by basestation. The base station that is not power constrained can act as a standard webserver that provides gateway access to the reachable smart objects.Example: In an RFID system, the RFID reader acts as a base station that can read the localRFID tags. The reader can be connected to the Internet.
In Sensor Networks, one or morebase stations collect data from the sensor nodes and forward the data to the Internet.Recently, a number of major companies have formed an alliance to developtechnical solutions and standards to enable the direct integration of low-powersmart objects into the Internet. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) hasinitiated a working group (named 6LowPan) on IPv6 over Low Power WirelessArea Networks to find an energy-efficient solution for the integration of the IPv6standard with the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless near field communication standard.Guaranteeing the safety and information security of IoT-based systems isconsidered to be a difficult task. Many smart objects will be protected from generalInternet access by a tight firewall to avoid that an adversary can acquire control of asmart object.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
