UK (798447), страница 5
Текст из файла (страница 5)
3. What age do British pupils normally take exams?
4. How can they enter Universities and colleges?
5. Which types of British universities do you know?
6. What degrees do British students receive on leaving universities?
2.Translate from Russian into English:
Обязательное школьное образование
Государственные, общеобразовательные, средние школы
Профессиональное образование
Оплата за учебу
Поступить в университет, семестр.
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in the United Kingdom has a long history, producing many important figures and developments in the field. England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century.
A Watt steam engine powered the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom and played a key role in it transforming England into the world's first industrialised nation.
The UK has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances. Some of the major theories, discoveries and applications advanced by people from the UK are given below.
Major theorists from the UK include Isaac Newton (1643-1727), physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone of modern science .
Charles Darwin ‘s (1809–82) theory of evolution by natural selection was fundamental to the development of modern biology. Major scientific discoveries include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish (1731-1810).
Major engineering projects and applications pursued by people from the UK include the steam locomotive developed by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) and Andrew Vivian(1759-1842).
The electric motor was engineered by Michael Faraday (1771–1867), who largely made electricity viable for use in technology.
The theory of aerodynamics was discovered by Sir George Cayley (1773–1857).
The first public steam railway as constructed by George Stephenson (1781–1848).
The first commercial electrical telegraph was co-invented by Sir William Fothergill Cooke (1806–79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802–75).
The first tunnel under a navigable river,the first all iron ship and the first railway to run express services were contributed to by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–59).
The invention of the incandescent light bulb (лампы накаливания), by Joseph Swan dates back 1826–1914.
The unification of electromagnetism belongs to James Clerk Maxwell (1831–79).
The first practical telephone was patented by Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922).
The UK continues to play a major role in the development of science and technology and major technological sectors include the aerospace, motor and pharmaceutical industries.
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The discovery of penicillin, by biologist and pharmacologist, Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955).
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The world's first working television system, and colour television, by John Logie Baird (1888–1946).
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The first meaningful synthesis of quantum mechanics with special relativity by Paul Dirac (1902–84) in the equation named after him, and his subsequent prediction of antimatter.
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The invention of the jet engine, by Frank Whittle (1907–96).
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The invention of the hovercraft (судно на воздушной подушке), by Christopher Cockerell (1910–99).
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The colossus computer, the first digital computer , by Alan Turing (1912–54).
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The structure of DNA by Francis Crick (1916–2004).
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The World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee (1989).
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The theoretical breakthrough of the Higgs mechanism to explain electroweak symmetry breaking and why some particles have mass, by Peter Higgs (1929-).
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Theories in cosmology, quantum gravity and black holes, by Stephen Hawking (1942–).
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The UK remains a leading centre of automotive design and production, particularly of engines, and has around 2,600 component manufacturers.
The UK plays a leading part in the aerospace industry, with companies including Rolls-Royce playing a leading role in the aero-engine market;
BAE Systems defense company, developing armory and information security acting as Britain's largest and the Pentagon's sixth largest defense supplier of military weapons.
GKN (концерн, производящий компоненты автомобилей, вертолетов, сельхоз техники и др.) acting as major suppliers to the Airbus project. The Airbus A380 has wings and engines manufactured in the UK. 
Two British-based companies, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, ranked in the top five pharmaceutical companies in the world by sales in 2009 and UK companies have discovered and developed more leading medicines than any other country apart from the US.
Scientific research and development remains important in British universities, with many establishing science parks to facilitate production and co-operation with industry. Between 2004 and 2012 the UK produced 6% of the world's scientific research papers and had an 8% share of scientific citations, the third- and second-highest in the world (after the United States' 9% and China's 7% respectively).
Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet(ланцет, копье).
LECTURE №5
British Media
The term “media” generally refers to the print industries (the press or newspapers and magazines) and broadcasting (cable and satellite television, radio and video). These systems overlap with each other and with books, films and the Internet. They cover homes, places of business and leisure activities and their influence is very powerful.
The first British newspapers appeared in the early eighteenth century, such as “The Times” (1785), “The Observer” (1791) and “The Sunday Times” (1822).
The circulation of the newspapers at that time was hindered by transportation and distribution problems, illiteracy and government licensing or censorship restrictions. The growth of literacy after 1870 provided the owners of the print media with an increased market. Newspapers and magazines, which had previously been limited by the middle and upper classes, were popularized. Over the last two hundred years, an expanded educational system, new print inventions and Britain’s small area have eliminated these difficulties.
At first the newspapers were used for news and information. Later new types of print media used for entertainment appeared. The first popular national papers were printed on Sundays, such as “The News of the World “(1843) and “The People” (1881). They were inexpensive and aimed at the expanding and increasingly literate working class. In 1896, “The Daily Mail” was produced, which was targeted at the lower-middle class. In 1903 it was added by “The Daily Mirror” for the working-class popular market. Both “The Mail” and “The Mirror” were soon selling more than a million copies a day.
The early twentieth century was the era of mass-circulation papers. “The Morning Herald” (later “the Daily Express”) was created in 1900. The newspaper-ownership was concentrated in a few large publishing groups, such as Rupert Murdoch’s News International (which had and has large media holdings in Britain, Australia and the USA), causing fierce competition.
National newspapers are those which are mostly published from London and are available in all parts of Britain on the same day, including Sundays. Many are delivered directly to homes from local newsagents by newsboys and girls. The good internal distribution systems enable national press to develop and Internet online copies now offer updated and immediate availability.
The national press in Britain today consists of 10 daily morning papers and 9 Sunday papers. Most national newspapers have their bases and printing facilities in London, although now editions of some nationals are published in Europe and the USA. Most of them used to be located in Fleet Street in central London. But many of them have now left this street and moved to other parts of the capital because of very high property rents, competition and opposition from trade unions to the introduction of new printing technology.
New technology meant that newspapers could be printed directly through computers and that resulted in job reductions and cuts in labour. New technology and improved distribution methods have increased the profits of print industries. Although sales are declining they still have a considerable presence on the market. Britons still buy more papers than any other Europeans. Some 50 per cent of people over fifteen years old read a national daily paper and 70 per cent read a national Sunday newspaper.
National papers are usually termed ‘quality’ or ‘popular’ depending on their differences in content and format (broadsheet or tabloid). Others are called ‘mid-market’ (e.g. The Mail Express”). They are between these two extremes.
The ‘qualities’ (such as “The Times”) are broadsheets (large-sheet). They report national and international news in depth and analyse current events and the arts in editorials and articles.
The populars (such as “The Sun”) are mostly tabloid (small-sheet). They deal with relatively few news stories and tend to be simpler in presenting materials. “Qualities’ are more expensive than populars but both carry up-market advertising that generates essential revenue.
There is no legal state control or censorship of the British press, although it is subject to laws of publication and expression. Papers may have a political bias and support a specific party, particularly at election times. For example, the largest selling national dailies “The Daily Mirror” and “The Daily Herald “(1911)have always supported the Labour Party. The press is dependent for its survival on circulation figures, on the advertising and on financial help of its owners. A number of newspapers in the 20th century ceased publication because of reduced circulation, loss of advertising revenue or refusals of further financial aid. Most national newspapers now have online Internet publication.
Some 1,300 regional newspapers are published in towns and cities throughout Britain. They contain a mixture of local and national news and are supported by regional advertising. They may be daily morning or evening papers, Sundays or weekly. 75 per cent of local and regional newspapers also operate an Internet website.
Britain’s ethnic communities also produce their own newspapers and magazines, which are increasing in numbers, are available nationally in the larger cities and are improving in quality. There is a wide range of publications for Jewish, Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Chinese and Arabic readers, published on a daily or (more commonly) periodic basis.
Periodicals and magazines
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here are 9,000 different periodicals and magazines in Britain, which are of a weekly, monthly or quarterly nature. They are aimed at different markets and levels of professions and business or are dealing with sports, hobbies and interests.
Different magazines cover different interests such as computers, rural pastimes, gardening, railways, cooking, architecture, do-it-yourself skills, sports, women’s and youth problems.
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