G.O. Brown - Henry Darcy and the making of a law (796978), страница 6
Текст из файла (страница 6)
Both Dupuit and the Academy ofSciences reviewers cited Darcy’s contribution.4. The Path[48] With only a modest interpretation of the historicalrecord, Darcy’s journey toward discovery of the law can nowbe reconstructed. It started in 1830 with the Saint-Michelwell test. He was a young engineer, who applied a crude pipefriction formula and deduced an unknown process wasoccurring, i.e., resistance to flow in the aquifer. His introduction to porous media continued as he exchanged letterswith practicing engineers regarding the treatment of surfacewater with sand filters, and he completed at least one filterdesign.
By this point, he made the connection between filtersand aquifers since he described both as filtration. However,his limited analysis used the erroneous orifice analogy,which was probably acquired from one of his correspond-ents. Nevertheless, an interest in filter losses must have beenaroused. In the 1840s, he began collecting data on artesianaquifers and deduced the linear relationship between flowand well drawdown.
Additionally, his tunnel project broughthim into contact with at least one leading geologist and gavehim detailed insight into geology and seepage in general.[49] In the early 1850s everything came together. His pipeflow research confirmed Poiseuille’s law at low flows, andhis responsibilities as Inspector General provided additionalopportunities to review designs and operating water systemsthroughout France. Finally, his extended stay in Englandand the consultation on the Brussels water supply may haveproduced the final motivation to bring modern designconcepts to filter systems.
When he returned to Dijon, thecolumn experiments were probably already conceived,designed and their results anticipated. The first set ofexperiments confirmed a linear relation between flow andgradient. He was done. I believe the second experimental setwas only intended to provide additional proof for thepractitioners. With his theoretical knowledge of hydraulics,he would have already known that the magnitude of thewater pressure would have no impact; only the gradient ofhydraulic head mattered. Thus he let Ritter conduct themwhile he continued on to other matters.11 - 12BROWN: HENRY DARCY AND THE MAKING OF A LAW5.
Concluding Comments[50] The proceeding has demonstrated Henry Darcy’sexperiments were designed and carried out to prove arelationship that he probably already suspected. His testswere simple, but carefully performed and theoreticallycomplete. With the falling head problem, he provided thefirst analytical solution to unsteady, saturated flow. Thus heboth discovered the law and showed how to use it. It shouldalso be observed that Darcy knew Note D was a significantnew finding. He devoted almost a full page in the introduction to describing its results.
In comparison, somesections of greater length were only given one or twosentences. He knew the law fit the experimental data well,that it was consistent with Poiseuille flow, and that it couldalso be used to understand groundwater hydraulics. He ofcourse couldn’t have known it would be applicable to somany problems not yet encountered, in fields of study notyet conceived.[51] His discovery was the logical result of a lifetime ofeducation, professional practice and research.
Darcy startedas a good student, developed into an excellent engineer, andultimately became one of the premier water researchers ofall time. Darcy’s personal qualities have not been addressed,since they have been pointed out by most of his otherbiographers. In brief, he was an outstanding citizen whoalways placed the public good above his own interests. Herepeatedly overcame personal and professional obstaclesand always answered the call of service.
The water resources community could hardly hope for a better icon to honorwith one of our most important governing equations.[52] Acknowledgments. Several persons provided valuable assistance in this effort. Cornelia Mutel and Kathryn Hodson of The Universityof Iowa; Margaret Bradley, Parthenay, France; Catherine Masteau of l’EcoleNational des Ponts et Chaussées; and Claudine Billoux of l’École Polytechnique helped locate source documents. Allan Freeze was kind enoughto supply a copy of Paul Darcy’s work. Most noteworthy was PatriciaBobeck, Austin, Texas, who provided her unpublished translation of PaulDarcy’s book and additional help.
Translation assistance was provided byJürgen Garbrecht of the USDA-ARS, El Reno, Oklahoma, and BrunoCateni of Oklahoma State University. Finally, the suggestions of twoanonymous reviewers were welcome.ReferencesBradley, M., A Career Biography of Gaspard Clair François Marie Richede Prony, Bridge-Builder, Educator and Scientist, Stud. in Fr. Civilization, vol. 13, Edwin Mellen, Lampeter, UK, 1998.Brown, G., Darcy and the Pitot tube, in International Engineering Historyand Heritage, Proceedings of the Third National Congress on Civil Engineering History and Heritage, edited by J.
Rogers and A. Fredrich, pp.360 – 366, Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., New York, 2001.Brown, G., J. Rogers, and J. Garbrecht, Task Committee Planning: DarcyMemorial Symposium on the History of Hydraulics, J. Hydraul. Eng.,126(11), 799 – 801, 2000.Caudemberg, G., Notice sur M. Henri Darcy, extract from Mémoires del’Académie de Dijon, Loireau-Feuchot, Dijon, France, 1858.Coronio, G. (Ed), 250 Ans de l’École des Ponts en cent Portraits, Pressesde l’École Natl.
des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, 1998.Darcy, H., Rapport à le Maire et au Conseil Municipal, de Dijon, sur lesMoyens de Fournir l’Eau Nécessaire à cette Ville, Douillier, Dijon,France, 1834.Darcy, H., Rapport à M. le Ministre des Travaux Publics, sur le pavage et lemacadamisage des chaussées de Londres et de Paris, Ann. Ponts Chaussées, Ser. 2, 10, 1 – 264, 1850.Darcy, H., Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon, Dalmont, Paris,1856.Darcy, H., Recherches Experimentales Relatives au Mouvement de l’Eaudans les Tuyaux, Mallet-Bachelier, Paris, 1857.Darcy, H., Relative à quelques modifications à introduire dans le tube dePitot, Ann. Ponts Chaussées, Ser. 3, 15, 351 – 359, 1858.Darcy, H., and H.
Bazin, Recherches Hydrauliques, Enterprises par M. H.Darcy, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1865.Darcy, P., Henry Darcy: Inspecteur Général des Ponts et Chaussées, 1803 –1858, Imprimerie Darantiere, Dijon, France, 1957.Dumay, V., Notice Historique sur L’Établissement des Fontaines Publiquede Dijon, Frantin, Dijon, France, 1845.Dupuit, J., Traité Théorique et Pratique de la Conduite et de la distributiondes Eaux, 1st ed., Carilian-Goeury et Vor Dalmont, Paris, 1854.Dupuit, J., Études Théoriques et Pratiques sur le Mouvement des Eaux dansles Canaux Découverts et à Travers les Terrains Perméables, 2nd ed.,Dunod, Paris, 1863.Fancher, G., Henry Darcy—Engineer and benefactor of mankind, J.
Pet.Technol., 12 – 14 Oct. 1956.Freeze, R. A., Henry Darcy and the fountains of Dijon, Ground Water, 32,23 – 30, 1994.Freeze, R. A., and W. Back (Eds.), Determination of the laws of flow ofwater through sand, translated by R. A. Freeze, in Physical Hydrogeology, Benchmark Pap. Geol., vol. 72, pp. 14 – 20, John Wiley, New York,1983.Garnier, F., De L’Art du Fontenier Sondeur et des Puits Artésiens, Huzard,Paris, 1822.Hubbert, M. K., The Theory of Ground-Water Motion and Related Papers,Hafner, New York, 1969.Marsaines, C., Notice nécrologique sur M.
Darcy, Inspecteur Général desPonts et Chaussées, Ann. Ponts Chaussées, Ser. 3, 15, 90 – 109, 1858.Matthews, W., Hydraulia, Simpkin Marshal, London, 1835.Navier, L. M. H., Mémoire sur les lois du mouvement des fluides, Mem.Acad. R. Sci., 6, 389 – 440, 1823.Philip, J. R., Desperately seeking Darcy in Dijon, Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J., 59,319 – 324, 1995.Poiseuille, J. L., Recherches expérimentales sur le mouvement des liquidesdans les tubes de très-petits diamètres, comptes rendus, Acad. des Sci.,Paris, 1841.Reynolds, O., An experimental investigation of the circumstances whichdetermine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous and ofthe law of resistance in parallel channel, Philos. Trans. R.
Soc., 174,935 – 982, 1883.Rao, K. K., The life and work of Darcy (1803 – 1858), Irrig. Power DelhiIndia, 25(2), 223 – 225, 1968.Rouse, H., and S. Ince, History of Hydraulics, Iowa Inst. of Hydraul. Res.,Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, 1957.Storrow, C. S., A Treatise on Water-Works for Conveying and DistributionSupplies of Water, Hilliard Gray, Boston, Mass., 1835.Straub, H., A History of Civil Engineering: An Outline from Ancient toModern Times, translated by E. Rockwell, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1964.Tarbé de St-Hardouin, F. P. H., Notices Biographiques sur les Ingénieursdes Ponts et Chaussées, pp.
224 – 226, Baudry and Cie, Paris, 1884.G. O. Brown, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering,Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. (gbrown@okstate.edu).
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
