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Today, the commoditization of information has made it necessary toconsider the invasion of privacy by corporations.”73See http://www.getsafeonline.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=146961Social Networking•11% "have written a personal online blog"•54% of 18-24 year olds say images of them had been posted online without theirconsent.Just under one in five potential employers (18%) say they have found information about jobcandidates that had not been volunteered. (The study did not ask if employers always oroften searched for information about potential employees as a matter of course.)Hinduja and Patchin (2007), cited above, sought to examine empirically what informationyoung people are posting about themselves and if this justified the concerns about theincrease of sexual predation on these sites, or other forms of victimisation.
The key findingwas that a substantial minority of young people (almost 40%) set their profiles to ‘private’ sothat visitors to their sites had to be invited in initially. However this leaves just under 60%that did not do so. Within this majority the researchers outline the content of the profiles:•81% listed their city•28% listed their city and school•Under 9% included their full name•57% included a photograph of themselves•5% of these were seen in a swimsuit or underwear•18% admitted to use of alcohol•8% to using tobacco•2% to using marijuanaWhile Hinduja and Patchin accept that these overall percentages might be lower thananecdote would suggest, they do say that “26% of the youth in the sample listed the schoolthey attend and included a picture of themselves. This information alone could easily beused to contact the individual offline.” (Hinduja and Patchin, 2007, p.14).
Alcohol, tobaccoand marijuana use are just three of many possible behaviours mentioned online which mightalso be used to harm teenagers’ reputations or career prospects in later life.They also accept, as we have seen above, that it is difficult to verify the accuracy or veracityof the profile pages – and this of course remains a prime concern of those involved in theconsideration of the protection of (particularly) minors from harm.Inappropriate contactSmith used the Pew Internet and American Life Project (as did Lenhart and Madden above)to look at the contacts made by subjects who create profiles on social networking sites(Smith, 2007).74 Smith found that seven per cent of this American sample said they hadbeen contacted ‘by a stranger who made them feel scared or uncomfortable’.
Teenage girls(the sample was aged 12-17) are more likely than boys to say this (11% and 4%respectively).74Smith, A (2007) "Teens & Online Stranger Contact" Pew Internet & American Life Projecthttp://www.pewinternet.org/62Social NetworkingFurther those who have posted photographs are far more likely to experience this (10%compared with 4% who had not posted photographs) although the absolute proportions aresmall.The survey found that nearly a third of the sample have been contacted by a stranger; againgirls are more likely to say this than boys (39% vs.
24% respectively). Smith does note thatthere appears to be no consistent association between stranger contact and the type ofinformation posted (other than photographs) or between stranger contact and thepublic/private nature of the profile. It is also noted that teenagers who say they use socialnetworking sites to flirt are more likely to be contacted by strangers – which is not surprising,perhaps.Boyd (2006) found that teenagers in the US are aware of adults on their sites, but that theyignore them.75 Their attention is taken by those whom they ‘know’ and for whom they aretrying to look cool: Having to simultaneously negotiate youth culture and adult surveillance isnot desirable to most youth, but their response is typically to ignore the issue.
So theseteenagers may post pictures of themselves scantily clad or drunk, but these are imagesdesigned for their peers, not for the adults who may happen upon them. These subjects inthe research are not able to fast-forward to the possible regrets they may have about theseimages at a later date, as – Boyd suggests – adults might.In a study looking at video blogging, Lange (2007) notes that women who share levels ofintimacy through their video blogs feel they are connecting with other people and with otherpeople’s ideas.76 The video blogs allow communities to be formed and for experiences to beshared.The research evidence shows that social networking sites are used widely and are used tosupport and maintain relationships, although not generally to create them.
However asignificant proportion of young people communicate with strangers online and post materialabout themselves which may be considered ‘private’ in most circumstances. The ability torestrict access to sites is known about but not always used.We note, finally, that an authoritative position paper recently released by ENISA (EuropeanNetwork and Information Security Agency) outlines a series of commercial, corporate andsocial/individual ‘threats’ raised by social networking sites.
77 They describe the threats intechnological terms and raise the issue of the difficulty of deleting entries, identity theft aswell as cyberstalking and cyber bullying. Their recommendations to combat the effect ofthese potential threats include raising awareness and increasing the transparency of datahandling practices so that users understand the way in which content is stored and may beused.75Boyd, d.
(2006) "Identity Production in a Networked Culture: Why Youth Heart MySpace". inAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science,http://www.danah.org/papers/AAAS2006.html76Lange, P. G. (2007) "The Vulnerable Video Blogger: Promoting Social Change throughIntimacy", The Scholar and Feminist Online, 5 (2).http://www.barnard.edu/sfonline/blogs/lange_01.htm77See http://www.enisa.europa.eu/doc/pdf/deliverables/enisa_pp_social_networks.pdf.63Social NetworkingAnnex 11 Glossary of terms and definitionsApplications Pieces of software usually created by third party developers that interact withthe core features of a social networking site.
Examples include mini-games, film triviaquizzes and online travel maps.Avatar A computer user’s graphical representation of him or herself. An avatar can be two orthree-dimensional.Bebo One of the three most popular social networking sites in the UK, founded in 2005.Blog Blog is short for weblog. A weblog is a journal (or newsletter) that is frequently updatedand intended for general public consumption.
Blogs generally represent the personality ofthe author or the Web site.Blurb MySpace’s term for a short summary about a user on their profileCyberbullying Term used to describe bullying committed on the internet.Early adopter Someone who embraces new technologies before the majority of the rest ofthe population do.Facebook One of the three most popular social networking sites in the UK, founded in 2004.Flickr A social networking site based around photo sharing.Friend Anyone who either accepts an invitation from another social networking site user tobe friends, or who accepts an invitation from another user.
When a user adds someone as afriend, their connection is displayed on the user’s friend list. On social networking sites afriend can be an offline friend, a family member, an acquaintance, a friend of a friend, orsomeone who you have never met before.Friends Reunited A group of social networking sites based around the theme of gettingback in contact with old school friends. The main site was founded in 1999.Friendster An initially very popular social networking site founded in 2002.Habbo (or the Habbo Hotel) A social networking site aimed at teenagers, which is basedaround virtual hotel rooms. Each user has a customisable avatar to represent them.ICT Information and communications technology.KateModern An interactive video drama hosted on Bebo.
Fans are able to use the tools onBebo to influence the storyline and fully interact with the series. The production is funded viafully integrated product placement.LinkedIn A social networking site based around business networking.Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) An online computer gamewhich is capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of players simultaneously.
Examplesinclude Second Life, Runescape and World of Warcraft.64Social NetworkingMedia literacy According to Ofcom, media literacy is ‘the ability to access, understand andcreate communications in a variety of contexts’.Member community A category of website used by Nielsen Online. Examples includeBebo, Facebook, MySpace and Blogger.MSN groups An online community site created by Microsoft in 1995MySpace One of the three most popular social networking sites in the UK, founded in 2003.Nielsen Online Internet media and market research firm that provides online audiencefigures.Piczo a social networking site launched in 2004 based around photos and website building.Popular among teenagers.Poke A gesture or symbolic cue on Facebook. A user who is poked by their friend receives amessage saying ‘you have been poked by…’.
Other sites have similar features such asnudges, giving five, or giving love.Profile The personal homepage on a social networking site, usually including informationabout a user, photos, and their friend list. Profiles form the basis of social networking sites.Sagazone A social networking site for the over-50s launched in 2007 by Saga.Second Life A Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game based around a virtual world.Users create an avatar and meet others, socialise and create and trade items. Launched in2003.Skin The background or texture of a users profile. It can include patterns, animations,photos and other formatting.
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