Reading Essentials for Biology Glencoe (794133), страница 42
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Read the terms and their definitions from the Mini Glossary on page 173. Circle the twoterms that refer to different ideas about the rate in which speciation occurs. Then, chooseone of these terms and use it correctly in a sentence.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Use the statements under the diagram to fill in the results of each type of isolation.The Evolution of a New SpeciesCauseEffectGeographic IsolationReproductiveIsolation• Members of the same species no longer mate because they cannot reach each other.• The genetic material of the populations becomes so different that fertilization cannot occur.• A barrier divides a population.3. Review the section, then fill in the blanks below using the following terms: punctuatedequilibrium, speciation, genetic equilibrium, polyploid, mutation.1.
When the frequency of alleles for a specific trait remains the same for generations, it iscalled.2. One of the factors that can interrupt genetic equilibrium is3..occurs when members of similar populations can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring within their natural environment.4. The idea that a sudden environmental change can cause rapid changes in a population’sgene pool is called5. A.is an individual with a multiple of the normal set of chromosomes.Visit the Glencoe Science Web site at science.glencoe.com to findyour biology book and learn more about the mechanisms of evolution.174Chapter 15READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.• Populations have different mating seasons.NameDateClassSection16.1 Primate Adaptation and EvolutionSC.D.1.4.4 The student knows that Earth’s systems and organisms are the result of a long, continuous change overtime.
SC.F.1.4.2 The student knows that body structures are uniquely designed and adapted for their function.◗ Before You ReadYou can see primates (monkeys, apes, gorillas, and lemurs) on display at most zoos. At the zoo youwill also see primates walking around and learning about the primates on display. Who are these primates that are not confined to exhibits? They are humans. Think about behaviors you have observedin non-human primates and then compare those to behaviors you have observed in humans. Writeyour thoughts on the lines below.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________◗ Read to LearnCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What is a primate?Primates are a group of mammals that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans.
Primates come in many shapes and sizesbut share common traits.Unlike most other mammals, most primates have rounded headswith flattened faces. Primate brains are large compared to theirbody size. The fact that primates are social and have a variety ofbehaviors shows that primate brains are complex.Locate Information Highlight in one colorall the features that distinguishprimates.What adaptations help primates livein trees?Most primates live in trees and have several adaptations that help them live there. Even primates that donot live in trees, such as you, still have these adaptations. For example, all primates have flexible shoulderand hip joints. These joints help some primates climbtrees and swing through branches.Primate hands and feet are unique among mammals.The fingers and toes have nails instead of claws.
Mostprimates have an opposable thumb—the thumb cancross the palm of the hand and touch the fingertips.This allows primates to grab and cling to objects, suchas tree branches. Primates can also hold and manipulate tools.Primate eyes face forward so they see an objectthrough both eyes at the same time. This helps primates see depth and judge distances, which is helpfulREADING ESSENTIALSChapter 16175NameDateClassSection16.1Primate Adaptation and Evolution, continuedwhen jumping from tree to tree or driving a car. Primates also seein color. Seeing in color helps with depth perception, helps detectpredators, and helps the primate find ripe fruit.Primate OriginsAll primates have many things in common, therefore scientistsbelieve they share an evolutionary history.
Scientists use fossilevidence and compare modern primates to come up with ideasabout how primates are related and how they evolved. Primatesare classified, or divided, into two major groups: strepsirrhinesand haplorhines.Primate AncestorsHaplorhinesStrepsirrhinesAnthropoidsHominoidsHominidsOld WorldmonkeysNew WorldmonkeysAfrican apesGibbonsOrangutans1. Where do strepsirrhineslive?________________________________________________2.
List the three divisions ofthe anthropoid group.________________________________________________HumansLemursLorises, Pottos,and GalagosThe chart above shows the ways that primates are related toone another. Present-day strepsirrhines are small primates. Mosthave large eyes, sleep during the day, and are active at night.They live in the tropical forests of Africa and Southeast Asia.The other living primates are part of the haplorhine group. Asmall portion of the haplorhine group is the tarsiers, tiny primatesliving in Southeast Asia. The rest of the haplorhine group is madeup of the anthropoids (AN thruh poydz), the humanlike primates.Who are the anthropoids?As you can see from the chart, anthropoids include hominoids,Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys.
The hominoidsare divided into apes and humans. Anthropoids have many featuresin common. For example, their brains are more complex thanstrepsirrhines. Their skeletons are larger and more upright.________________________176Chapter 16READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.TarsiersNameDateClassSection16.1Primate Adaptation and Evolution, continuedCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Monkeys are divided into two groups, New World monkeysand Old World monkeys. New World monkeys live in the trees ofrain forests in South and Central America. Many New Worldmonkeys have a long, muscular tail.
This is called a prehensile(pree HEN sul) tail. They use this tail much like an arm or leg,grasping and wrapping it around branches as they move from treeto tree. Only New World monkeys have a prehensile tail.Old World monkeys are generally larger than New Worldmonkeys. Some, such as the colobus monkey, live in trees. Others,such as baboons, remain primarily on the ground. Macaques livein the trees and on the ground. Old World monkeys have adaptedto many environments and climates. They range from the hot,dry savannas of Africa to the cold mountain forests of Japan.The hominoid group consists of apes and humans.
Orangutans,chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas are classified as apes. Apes donot have tails. They have adapted to life in trees using long, muscled arms for climbing in trees, swinging from branches, or walking on two legs with support from their hands. Although manyapes live in trees, most also spend time on the ground. The socialinteractions among apes indicate a large brain capacity.Humans have an even larger brain capacity.
We also walkupright. There will be more to learn about humans in thenext section.3. What unusual featuredo many New Worldmonkeys have?________________________________________________________________________4. Analyze On which ofthe following continentswould you not expect tosee an Old World monkey? (Circle your choice.)a. Africab. Asiac. North AmericaWhere did anthropoids evolve?Scientists suggest that monkeys, apes, and humans share acommon ancestor based on their structural and social similarities.Using the fossil record, scientists track the evolution of the anthropoid group.
The oldest anthropoid fossils are 37 to 40 millionyears old. They were found in Africa and Asia. New World andOld World monkeys evolved separately. The oldest New Worldmonkey fossils are 30 to 35 million years old. The oldest OldWorld monkey fossils are 20 to 22 million years old.According to the fossil record, a global cooling occurred at thesame time hominoids evolved in Africa and Asia.
The apes adaptedand diversified. Using DNA, scientists have come up with a probable order in which the different apes and humans evolved.Gibbons were probably the first apes that evolved, followed byorangutans, finally the African apes, gorillas and chimpanzees.Structural and DNA data reveal that chimpanzees share the closest common ancestry with humans.READING ESSENTIALS5. Which two hominoidswere the last to evolve?________________________________________________Chapter 16177NameDateClassSection16.1Primate Adaptation and Evolution, continued◗ After You ReadMini Glossaryanthropoids (AN thruh poydz): humanlike primates that include New World monkeys,Old World monkeys, and hominoidsopposable thumb: primate characteristic of having a thumb that can cross the palm andmeet the other fingertips; enables animal tograsp and cling to objectsprehensile (pre HEN sul) tail: long muscular tailused as a fifth limb for grasping and wrap-ping around objects; characteristic of manyNew World monkeysprimate: group of mammals including lemurs,monkeys, apes, and humans that evolvedfrom a common ancestor; shared characteristics include a rounded head, a flattenedface, fingernails, flexible shoulder and hipjoints, opposable thumbs or big toes, and alarge, complex brain1.
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