The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering. Chapter 4. Heat and Mass Transfer (776127), страница 38
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and Shah, R.K. 1987. Turbulent and transition flow convective heat transfer in ducts, inHandbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer, S. Kakaç, R. K. Shah, and W. Aung, Eds.,John Wiley & Sons, New York, chap. 4, 166 pp.Chai, H.C. 1988. A simple pressure drop correlation equation for low finned tube crossflow heatexchangers, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 15, 95–101.Chenoweth, J. 1988. Final Report, HTRI/TEMA Joint Committee to Review the Fouling Section ofTEMA Standards, HTRI, Alhambra, CA.Cowell, T.A., Heikal, M.R., and Achaichia, A. 1995. Flow and heat transfer in compact louvered finsurfaces, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci.,10, 192–199.Epstein, N.
1978. Fouling in heat exchangers, in Heat Transfer 1978, Vol. 6, Hemisphere Publishing,New York, 235–254.Epstein, N. 1983. Thinking about heat transfer fouling: a 5´5 matrix, Heat Transfer Eng., 4(1), 43–56.Foumeny, E.A. and Heggs, P.J. 1991. Heat Exchange Engineering, Vol. 2, Compact Heat Exchangers:Techniques for Size Reduction, Ellis Horwood Ltd., London.Ganguli, A. and Yilmaz, S.B. 1987. New heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for crossflow overlow-finned tube banks, AIChE Symp. Ser.
257, 83, 9–14.© 1999 by CRC Press LLCHeat and Mass Transfer4-163Ghajar, A.J. and Tam, L.M. 1994. Heat transfer measurements and correlations in the transition regionfor a circular tube with three different inlet configurations, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 8, 79–90.Huang, L.J.
and Shah, R.K. 1992. Assessment of calculation methods for efficiency of straight fins ofrectangular profiles, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 13, 282–293.Idelchik, I.E. 1994. Handbook of Hydraulics Resistance, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Kakaç, S., Ed. 1991. Boilers, Evaporators, and Condensers, John Wiley & Sons, New York.Kakaç, S., Bergles, A.E., and Mayinger, F. 1981.
Heat Exchangers: Thermal-Hydraulic Fundamentalsand Design, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C.Kakaç, S., Shah, R.K., and Bergles, A.E. 1983. Low Reynolds Number Flow Heat Exchangers, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C.Kakaç, S., Bergles, A.E., and Fernandes, E.O. 1988. Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers: ThermalHydraulic Fundamentals and Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.Kays, W.M. and London, A.L. 1984.
Compact Heat Exchangers, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.Manglik, R.M. and Bergles, A.E. 1995. Heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for the rectangularoffset-strip-fin compact heat exchanger, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 10, 171–180.Miller, D.S.
1990. Internal Flow Systems, 2nd ed., BHRA (Information Services), Cranfield, Bedford,U.K.Mueller, A.C. and Chiou, J.P. 1987. Review of Various Types of Flow Maldistribution in Heat Exchangers,Book No. H00394, HTD-Vol. 75, ASME, New York, 3–16.Putnam, G.R. and Rohsenow, W.M. 1985. Viscosity induced nonuniform flow in laminar flow heatexchangers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 28, 1031–1038.Rabas, T.J. and Taborek, J. 1987. Survey of turbulent forced-convection heat transfer and pressure dropcharacteristics of low-finned tube banks in cross flow, Heat Transfer Eng., 8(2), 49–62.Roetzel, W., Heggs, P.J., and Butterworth, D., Eds.
1991. Design and Operation of Heat Exchangers,Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Rozenman, T. 1976. Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of dry cooling tower extendedsurfaces, Part I: Heat transfer and pressure drop data, Report BNWL-PFR 7-100; Part II: Dataanalysis and correlation, Report BNWL-PFR 7-102, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories,Richland, WA.Shah, R.K. 1981. Compact heat exchangers, in Heat Exchangers: Thermal-Hydraulic Fundamentals andDesign, S. Kakaç, A.E.
Bergles, and F. Mayinger, Eds., Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C.,111–151.Shah, R.K. 1983. Heat Exchanger Basic Design Methods, in Low Reynolds Number Flow HeatExchanger, S. Kakaç, R.K. Shah and A.E. Bergles, Eds., pp. 21–72, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C.Shah, R.K. 1985. Compact heat exchangers, in Handbook of Heat Transfer Applications, 2nd ed., W.M.Rohsenow, J.P. Hartnett, and E.N.
Ganic, Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, Chap. 4, Part 3.Shah, R.K. 1988a. Plate-fin and tube-fin heat exchanger design procedures, in Heat Transfer EquipmentDesign, R.K. Shah, E.C. Subbarao, and R.A. Mashelkar, Eds., Hemisphere Publishing, Washington,D.C., 255–266.Shah, R.K. 1988b. Counterflow rotary regenerator thermal design procedures, in Heat Transfer Equipment Design, R.K. Shah, E.C.
Subbarao, and R.A. Mashelkar, Eds., Hemisphere Publishing,Washington, D.C., 267–296.Shah, R.K. 1991. Multidisciplinary approach to heat exchanger design, in Industrial Heat Exchangers,J.-M. Buchlin, Ed., Lecture Series No. 1991-04, von Kármán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, RhodeSaint Genèse, Belgium.Shah, R.K.
1993. Nonuniform heat transfer coefficients for heat exchanger thermal design, in AerospaceHeat Exchanger Technology 1993, R.K. Shah and A. Hashemi, Eds., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam,Netherlands, 417–445.Shah, R.K. 1994. Heat exchangers, in Encyclopedia of Energy Technology and The Environment, A.Bision and S.G. Boots, Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1651–1670.© 1999 by CRC Press LLC4-164Section 4Shah, R.K., Bell, K.J., Mochizuki, S., and Wadekar, V.
V., Eds., 1997. Compact Heat Exchangers forthe Process Industries, Begell House, New York.Shah, R.K. and Bhatti, M.S. 1987. Laminar convective heat transfer in ducts, in Handbook of SinglePhase Convective Heat Transfer, S. Kacaç, R.K. Shah, and W. Aung, Eds., John Wiley, New York,Chap. 3, 137 pp.Shah, R.K. and Bhatti, M.S.
1988. Assessment of correlations for single-phase heat exchangers, in TwoPhase Flow Heat Exchangers: Thermal-Hydraulic Fundamentals and Design, S. Kakaç, A.E.Bergles, and E.O. Fernandes, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,81–122.Shah, R.K. and Giovannelli, A.D. 1988. Heat pipe heat exchanger design theory, in Heat TransferEquipment Design, R.K. Shah, E.C. Subbarao, and R.A. Mashelkar, Eds., Hemisphere Publishing,Washington, D.C., 609–653.Shah, R.K. and Hashemi, A., Eds. 1993.
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and Mueller, A.C. 1988. Heat Exchange, in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,Unit Operations II, vol. B3, chap. 2, 108 pages, VCH, Weinheim, Germany.Shah, R.K. and Pignotti, A. 1997. The influence of a finite number of baffles on the shell-and-tube heatexchanger performance, Heat Transfer Eng., 18.Shah, R.K., Subbarao, E.C., and Mashelkar, R.A., Eds. 1988. Heat Transfer Equipment Design, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C.Shah, R.K. and Wanniarachchi, A.S.
1991. Plate heat exchanger design theory, in Industrial HeatExchangers, J.-M. Buchlin, Ed., Lecture Series No. 1991-04, von Kármán Institute for FluidDynamics, Rhode Saint Genèse, Belgium.Taylor, M.A. 1987. Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers: Guide to Their Specificaitons and Use, 1st ed., HTFS,Harwell Laboratory, Oxon, U.K., rev. 1990.TEMA, 1988. Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 7th ed., TubularExchanger Manufacturers Association, New York.Webb, R.L. 1994. Principles of Enhanced Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, New York.Weierman, R.C.
1982. Design of Heat Transfer Equipment for Gas-Side Fouling Service, Workshop onan Assessment of Gas-Side Fouling in Fossil Fuel Exhaust Environments, W.J. Marner and R.L.Webb, Eds., JPL Publ. 82-67, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena.Zukauskas, A. 1987. Convective heat transfer in cross flow, in Handbook of Single-Phase ConvectiveHeat Transfer, S. Kacaç, R.K. Shah, and W.
Aung, John Wiley, New York, Chap. 6.Further InformationHeat exchangers play a crucial and dominant role in many developments related to energy conservation,recovery, utilization, economic development of new energy sources, and environmental issues such asair and water pollution control, thermal pollution, waste disposal, etc. Many new and innovative heatexchangers have been developed for these and many other applications worldwide.
A broad overviewis provided for various heat exchangers and basic design theory for single-phase heat exchangers. Forfurther details and study, the reader may refer to the following references: Kakaç et al. (1981; 1983;1988), Taylor (1987), Shah et al. (1990), Foumeny and Heggs (1991), Kakaç (1991), Roetzel et al.(1991), Shah and Hashemi (1993), and Shah et al. (1997).© 1999 by CRC Press LLC4-165Heat and Mass TransferShell-and-Tube Heat ExchangersKenneth J.
BellIntroductionA shell-and-tube heat exchanger is essentially a bundle of tubes enclosed in a shell and so arranged thatone fluid flows through the tubes and another fluid flows across the outside of the tubes, heat beingtransferred from one fluid to the other through the tube wall. A number of other mechanical componentsare required to guide the fluids into, through, and out of the exchanger, to prevent the fluids from mixing,and to ensure the mechanical integrity of the heat exchanger.
A typical shell-and-tube heat exchanger isshown in Figure 4.5.18 (TEMA, 1988), but the basic design allows many modifications and specialfeatures, some of which are described below.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.Stationary Head-ChannelStationary Head Flange-Channel or BonnetChannel CoverStationary Head NozzleStationary TubesheetTubesShellShell CoverShell Flange-Stationary Head EndShell Flange-Rear Head EndShell NozzleShell Cover Flange13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.Floating TubesheetFloating Head CoverFloating Head Cover FlangeFloating Head Backing DeviceTierods and SpacersTransverse Baffles or Support PlatesImpingement PlatesPass PartitionVent ConnectionDrain ConnectionInstrument ConnectionSupport SaddleLifting LugNomenclature of Heat Exchanger ComponentsFor the purpose of establishing standard terminology, Figure 4.5.18 illustrates various types of heatexchangers.
Typical parts and connections, for illustrative purposes only, are numbered for identification:FIGURE 4.5.18 Longitudinal section of a typical shell-and-tube heat exchanger (TEMA AES) with nomenclature.(Modified from TEMA, Standards 7th ed., Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Tarrytown, NY, 1988.)Shell-and-tube heat exchangers have been constructed with heat transfer areas from less than 0.1 m2(1 ft2) to over 100,000 m2 (1,000,000 ft2), for pressures from deep vacuum to over 1000 bar (15,000psi), for temperatures from near 0 to over 1400 K (2000°F), and for all fluid services including singlephase heating and cooling and multiphase vaporization and condensation.
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