John H. Lienhard IV, John H. Lienhard V. A Heat Transfer Textbook (776116), страница 102
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Volumes 2 and 5 of [A.2] and also[A.3] provided many of the data here, and they revealed even greater variations in k than the metallic data did. For the various sands reported,k varied by a factor of 500, and for the various graphites by a factor of50, for example. The sensitivity of k to small variations in the packing offibrous materials or to the water content of hygroscopic materials forcedAppendix A: Some thermophysical properties of selected materialsus to restrict many of the k values to a single significant figure. The effect of water content is illustrated for soils.
Additional data for manybuilding materials can be found in [A.14].The data for polymers come mainly from their manufacturers’ dataand are substantially less reliable than, say, those given in Table A.1for metals. The values quoted are mainly those for room temperature.In processing operations, however, most of these materials are takento temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius, at which they flowmore easily. The specific heat capacity may double from room temperature to such temperatures.
These polymers are also produced in a varietyof modified forms; and in many applications they may be loaded withsignificant portions of reinforcing fillers (e.g., 10 to 40% by weight glassfiber). The fillers, in particular, can have a significant effect on thermalproperties.Table A.3 gives ρ, cp , k, α, ν, Pr, and β for several liquids. Datafor water are from [A.4] and [A.15]; they are in agreement with IAPWSrecommendations through 1998.
Data for ammonia are from [A.5, A.16,A.17], data for carbon dioxide are from [A.6, A.7, A.8], and data for oxygenare from [A.9, A.10]. Data for HFC-134a, HCFC-22, and nitrogen are from[A.11] and [A.18]. For these liquids, ρ has uncertainties less than 0.2%, cphas uncertainties of 1–2%, while µ and k have typical uncertainties of 2–5%. Uncertainties may be higher near the critical point.
Thermodynamicdata for methanol follow [A.19], while most viscosity data follow [A.20].Data for mercury follow [A.3] and [A.21]. Sources of olive oil data include[A.20, A.22, A.23]. Data for Freon 12 are from [A.14]. Volumes 3, 6, 10,and 11 of [A.2] gave many of the other values of cp , k, and µ = ρν, andoccasional independently measured values of α. Additional values camefrom [A.24].
Values of α that disagreed only slightly with k/ρcp wereallowed to stand. Densities for other substances came from [A.24] and avariety of other sources. A few values of ρ and cp were taken from [A.25].Table A.5 provides thermophysical data for saturated vapors. Thesources and the uncertainties are as described for gases in the next paragraph.Table A.6 gives thermophysical properties for gases at 1 atmospherepressure. The values were drawn from a variety of sources: air dataare from [A.26, A.27], except for ρ and cp above 850 K which camefrom [A.28]; argon data are from [A.29, A.30, A.31]; ammonia data weretaken from [A.5, A.16, A.17]; carbon dioxide properties are from [A.6,A.7, A.8]; carbon monoxide properties are from [A.18]; helium data arefrom [A.32, A.33, A.34]; nitrogen data came from [A.35]; oxygen data693694Chapter A: Some thermophysical properties of selected materialsare from [A.9, A.10]; water data were taken from [A.4] and [A.15] (inagreement with IAPWS recommendations through 1998); and a few hightemperature hydrogen data are from [A.24] with the remainding hydrogen data drawn from [A.1].
Uncertainties in these data vary among thegases; typically, ρ has uncertainties of 0.02–0.2%, cp has uncertainties of0.2–2%, µ has uncertainties of 0.3–3%, and k has uncertainties of 2–5%.The uncertainties are generally lower in the dilute gas region and highernear the saturation line or the critical point. The values for hydrogen andfor low temperature helium have somewhat larger uncertainties.Table A.7 lists values for some fundamental physical constants, asgiven in [A.36] and its successors. Table A.8 points out physical datathat are listed in other parts of this book.References[A.1] E. R.
G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Jr. Analysis of Heat and MassTransfer. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1972.[A.2] Y. S. Touloukian. Thermophysical Properties of Matter. vols. 1–6,10, and 11. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1970 to 1975.[A.3] C. Y. Ho, R. W. Powell, and P. E. Liley. Thermal conductivity of theelements: A comprehensive review.
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3,1974. Published in book format as Supplement No. 1 to the citedvolume.[A.4] C.A. Meyer, R. B. McClintock, G. J. Silvestri, and R.C. Spencer. ASMESteam Tables. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NewYork, NY, 6th edition, 1993.[A.5] A. Fenghour, W.
A. Wakeham, V. Vesovic, J. T. R. Watson, J. Millat,and E. Vogel. The viscosity of ammonia. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,24(5):1649–1667, 1995.[A.6] A. Fenghour, W. A. Wakeham, and V. Vesovic. The viscosity ofcarbon dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27(1):31–44, 1998.[A.7] V. Vesovic, W. A.
Wakeham, G. A. Olchowy, J. V. Sengers, J. T. R.Watson, and J. Millat. The transport properties of carbon dioxide.J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19(3):763–808, 1990.References[A.8] R. Span and W. Wagner. A new equation of state for carbon dioxide covering the fluid region from the triple-point temperature to1100 K at pressures up to 800 MPa. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25(6):1509–1596, 1996.[A.9] A.
Laesecke, R. Krauss, K. Stephan, and W. Wagner. Transportproperties of fluid oxygen. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19(5):1089–1122, 1990.[A.10] R. B. Stewart, R. T. Jacobsen, and W. Wagner. Thermodynamicproperties of oxygen from the triple point to 300 K with pressuresto 80 MPa. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20(5):917–1021, 1991.[A.11] R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr.An international standard formulation of the thermodynamic properties of 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) covering temperatures from 170 Kto 455 K at pressures up to 70 MPa. J. Phys. Chem.
Ref. Data, 23:657–729, 1994.[A.12] R. H. Norris, F. F. Buckland, N. D. Fitzroy, R. H. Roecker, and D. A.Kaminski, editors. Heat Transfer Data Book. General Electric Co.,Schenectady, NY, 1977.[A.13] ASM Handbook Committee. Metals Handbook. ASM, International,Materials Park, OH, 10th edition, 1990.[A.14] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-ConditioningEngineers, Inc. 2001 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Altanta,2001.[A.15] A. H. Harvey, A. P.
Peskin, and S. A. Klein. NIST/ASME Steam Properties. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, March 2000. NIST Standard Reference Database 10,Version 2.2.[A.16] R. Tufeu, D. Y. Ivanov, Y. Garrabos, and B. Le Neindre. Thermal conductivity of ammonia in a large temperature and pressure rangeincluding the critical region. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 88:422–427, 1984.[A.17] R. Tillner-Roth, F. Harms-Watzenberg, and H. D. Baehr. Eine neueFundamentalgleichung fuer Ammoniak. DKV-Tagungsbericht, 20:167–181, 1993.695696Chapter A: Some thermophysical properties of selected materials[A.18] E.
W. Lemmon, A. P. Peskin, M. O. McLinden, and D. G. Friend. Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Pure Fluids — NIST PureFluids. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, September 2000. NIST Standard Reference DatabaseNumber 12, Version 5.
Property values are based upon the mostaccurate standard reference formulations then available.[A.19] K. M. deReuck and R. J. B. Craven. Methanol: International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State-12. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. Developed under the sponsorship of theInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).[A.20] D. S. Viswanath and G. Natarajan. Data Book on the Viscosity ofLiquids. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.[A.21] N.
B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinogradov, and V. S. Yargin. Handbook ofPhysical Properties of Liquids and Gases. Begell House, Inc., NewYork, 3rd edition, 1996.[A.22] D. Dadarlat, J. Gibkes, D. Bicanic, and A. Pasca. Photopyroelectric(PPE) measurement of thermal parameters in food products. J.Food Engr., 30:155–162, 1996.[A.23] H. Abramovic and C. Klofutar. The temperature dependence ofdynamic viscosity for some vegetable oils. Acta Chim. Slov., 45(1):69–77, 1998.[A.24] N. B. Vargaftik. Tables on the Thermophysical Properties of Liquidsand Gases.
Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington, D.C., 2ndedition, 1975.[A.25] E. W. Lemmon, M. O. McLinden, and D. G. Friend. Thermophysical properties of fluid systems. In W. G. Mallard and P. J. Linstrom, editors, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard ReferenceDatabase Number 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2000. http://webbook.nist.gov.[A.26] K. Kadoya, N.
Matsunaga, and A. Nagashima. Viscosity and thermalconductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase. J. Phys. Chem. Ref.Data, 14(4):947–970, 1985.[A.27] R.T. Jacobsen, S.G. Penoncello, S.W. Breyerlein, W.P. Clark, and E.W.Lemmon. A thermodynamic property formulation for air. FluidPhase Equilibria, 79:113–124, 1992.References[A.28] E.W. Lemmon, R.T. Jacobsen, S.G. Penoncello, and D. G. Friend.Thermodynamic properties of air and mixtures of nitrogen, argon,and oxygen from 60 to 2000 K at pressures to 2000 MPa.
J. Phys.Chem. Ref. Data, 29(3):331–385, 2000.[A.29] Ch. Tegeler, R. Span, and W. Wagner. A new equation of state forargon covering the fluid region for temperatures from the meltingline to 700 K at pressures up to 1000 MPa. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,28(3):779–850, 1999.[A.30] B. A. Younglove and H. J. M. Hanley. The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon. J.
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