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It was not surprising that under the influence of the growth of education of the people the population started to understand politic better. In the end of the 17^th century the political movement was formed that survived until nowadays : liberalism. The impetus to the development of the liberalism, whose homeland is in England and, partly, France, was given by the development of the Reformation as well, and therefore printing played an important part in the formation of this movement. Besides that, as a reaction to liberalism conservatism and socialism were formed as well. And even though liberalism was finally formed during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars, the time of its formation is still considered to be the end of the 17^th century, and the reason for this – the development of the Reformation.

The education of common people affected the political life inside some separate states as well. For example, “The Glorious Revolution in England, in some people’s opinion, was a compromise between the rising middle class and the former large-scale feudal landowners” (Kарл Маркс. Сочинения. Москва, 1983. Т. 22, с. 309). A new class of bourgeoisie appears in Europe, and Europe itself is entering a new era, the era of the Enlightenment. “Having survived two bourgeois revolutions in the 17^th century England found itself at the river-head of the European Enlightenment” (History of literature. ed. Z. Plavskin. Moscow, 1991. p. 21). Thus, in Europe in the 17^th century the necessary prerequisites for the great Industrial Revolution of the 18^th century were created.

Before the 15^th century the level of the development of the scientific knowledge was extremely low. People judged the natural and social world only on the basis of religious dogmas or, at best, on the basis of superficial observation of the surrounding reality.

But the social practice faced man with the problems which were impossible to solve on the basis of old conceptions. Empirical knowledge was accumulating. Now the scientifically based knowledge, which summed up the experience and created the theory, had the decisive importance.

Thus the bases of modern sciences were created in the Middle Ages. New ways of research, based on observation, experience, and experiment were worked out. New knowledge in the spheres of mechanics, astronomy, chemistry, natural sciences, and geography was accumulating. New sciences also appeared – such as hydrodynamics, trigonometry. At the same time people were doing a large number of inventions and discoveries: the microscope, the telescope, the thermometer, the barometer were created; it was proved that the Earth is spherical, and that, together with other planets, it spins around the sun. Europeans get to know about all the continents of the Earth. A new outlook is created, the views on the state and society change.

Before that, in the 15^th century a way of production of the cheap writing material (paper) and book printing were invented, which became a true revolution in the development of science and education. The exchange of knowledge and the spread of new ideas would have been impossible without that. The radical turn in the development of scientific thought, which led to deep economic changes and the birth of capitalism.

However, the development of scientific thought did not come to Europe without blood. As it was mentioned earlier, in the middle of the 16^th century all-European Catholic reaction began, and Italy became its first victim. After the re-organization of the Inquisition in 1542 in Rome the Higher Tribunal was established, headed by cardinal Caraffa. In the reign of this cardinal the struggle with the educated thought and books reached its acme. When cardinal Caraffa became Pope Paul IV, he issued the first “index of forbidden books” in 1559. In the following years this index was periodically reprinted and added to with the greatest works of human thought (Boccaccio and Macchiavelli in particular). A punishment threatened one for reading these books, the books themselves were burnt down. The struggle of the church with the epoch of the Renaissance began. Book censorship was given into the hands of Inquisition, many thinkers died in fire.

CONCLUSION

Printing was the greatest achievement of the epoch of the Renaissance, this invention virtually turned over the whole European life in the 16^th century. The beginning of the mass spread of the book may be considered the period of the Reformation. On the other hand, Luther himself said that it was printing that helped him to spread his views. The book favoured the spread of the Reformation, which, in its own turn, led to the division of Europe into two fighting camps and to religious wars of the 16^th-17^th centuries. Books served as a weapon for fighting between the Catholic and the Reformist churches. The institute of censorship appeared and took its final shape in Europe. This censorship somewhere remained up to now.

Together with the publication of works of literary authors the official print also appeared and became a weapon in the hands of state apparatus.

But probably the most important thing is that printing led to lowering prices on books and, therefore, the increase of their availability for the population. This, in its own turn, led to the increase of education and enlightenment among people. There are bourgeois revolutions in Europe, a new class of population is being formed.

Scientific and creative thought is being stimulated, new sciences appear. Printing creates an additional possibility for the spread of scientific knowledge. Literary languages of European peoples’ are formed, which, in their turn, leads to the growth of national self-consciousness.

Fist significant treatises on political philosophy since the times of Antiquity appear. A most important principle of the division of powers appears; the first political parties appear. Europe approaches the epoch of the Enlightenment.

REFERENCES

Medeval history. Моscow, 1980.

Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Ефрона. Moscow, 1911.

К. Marx. «Сочинения ».Moscow, 1983, vol. 22.

History of literature. Redactor: Z. Plavskin. Мoscow, 1991.

I.Ekimov. Lectures. Tartu, 1993.

History of Estonia.Tallinn, 1982.

N.Kolesnitskiy. Germany in XV-XVII centuries. Moscow, 1980.

Books and printing. Leningrad, 1981.

P.Mizhyef. Books and printing. Moscow, 1913.

H. Bouchot. Le livre, l’illustration, la reliure. Paris, 1886 (quoted from translation).

Рассказы летописей XV-XVII веков. Moscow, 1976.

Typology of readers and biblyografy. Moscow, 1985.

Books in Russia in XVII cent., Leningrad, 1970.

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