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11.4 Use numerals if spelling out a number would require more than two words:
3507,1254,978,2655.78
11.5 Use numerals for addresses, dates, exact times of day, exact sums of money, exact measurements (including miles per hour), game scores, mathematical ratios, and page numbers:
55 mph ratio of 4-to-1 $6.75 p. 37
In journalism, see the numerals entry in the Associated Press Stylebook.
12. Quotation Marks
12.1 Use double quotation marks to create irony by setting off words you don't take at face value:
The "debate" resulted in three cracked heads and two broken noses.
12.2 Do not use quotation marks to create emphasis (see 9.1).
12.3 Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation:
At the beginning of the class, the professor asked, "What does Kuhn mean by 'paradigm shifts,' and what is their relationship to normal science?"
12.4 If the quotation will take more than four lines on the page, use indentation instead of quotation marks to indicate that the passage is a quotation. Introduce the quotation with a colon, set it off from the rest of the text by triple-spacing (assuming the rest of the text is double-spaced), indent ten spaces from the left margin, and single-space the quoted passage. To indicate a new paragraph within the quoted material, indent an additional three spaces.
12.5 Do not use quotation marks with indirect discourse, or with rhetorical, unspoken, or imaginary questions:
Frank said he was sorry he couldn't be here.
Why am I doing this? she wondered.
13. Punctuating Quotations
13.1 Do not use a comma to mark the end of a quoted sentence that is followed by an identifying tag if the quoted sentence ends in a question mark or an exclamation point:
"Get out!" he screamed.
13.2 Commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks; semicolons and colons go outside the closing quotation marks:
Peter's response was "Money is no object," but the lawyer was still unwilling to accept his case.
The senator announced, "I will not seek reelection"; then he left the room.
13.3 Place a question mark or an exclamation point inside the closing quotation marks only if it belongs to the quotation rather than to the larger sentence:
Lenin's question was "What is to be done?" Should the U.S. support governments that it considers "moderately repressive"?
Wherever you use the question mark or exclamation point, do not use a period with it (see 18.1).
13.4 Use square brackets to enclose interpolations, corrections, or comments in a quoted passage. In journalism, use parentheses ( ) for this purpose.
14. Introducing Indented Quotations, Vertical Lists, and Formulas
The punctuation immediately following the introduction to an indented quotation, vertical list, or formula is determined by the grammatical structure of the introduction. Essentially, you should follow the same rules described in section 3 and section 1.2 even though the material you're introducing is set off from the rest of the sentence.
14.1 If the introduction is a main clause (a clause that could stand by itself as a complete sentence), follow it with a colon:
Each member of the expedition was asked to supply the following equipment:
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a sleeping bag
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a mess kit
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a propane stove
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a backpack
14.2 If the introductory element is not a main clause, follow it with a comma if one is required by the rule given in section 1.2:
According to Gene Fowler, "Writing is easy: all you do is sit staring at a blank sheet of paper until the drops of blood form on your forehead."
14.3 If the introduction is not a main clause and a comma is not required by the rule given in section 1.2, follow it with no punctuation at all:
In Philosophy and Physics, Werner Heisenberg points out that "The change in the concept of reality manifesting itself in quantum theory is not simply a continuation of the past; it seems to be a real break in the structure of modern science."
14.4 If you're uncomfortable with an unpunctuated introduction, try converting it into a main clause and using a colon:
In Philosophy and Physics, Werner Heisenberg makes the following observation about the effect of quantum theory on modern science:
15. Punctuating Vertical Lists
15.1 The items in an vertical list may be preceded by sequential numbers or bullets (usually dots or asterisks), or they may stand alone. Depending on their grammatical structure, the items are followed by periods, semicolons, commas, or no punctuation at all. The Chicago Manual of Style offers the following simple rules: "Omit periods after items in a vertical list unless one or more of the items are complete sentences. If the vertical list completes a sentence begun in an introductory element, the final period is also omitted unless the items in the list are separated by commas or semi-colons."
The following minerals are included in this daily supplement:
niacin
iron
potassium
calcium
phosphorus
After six months of deliberation, the committee decided
1. that the proposed research did not pose a serious health hazard to the surrounding community;
2. that the potential benefits of the research significantly outweighed the potential risks; and
3. that the research should be allowed to proceed without further delay.
16. Question Marks
16.1 Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative element within (as well as at the end of) a sentence:
He asked himself, "How am I going to pay for all of this?" and looked hopefully at his father.
17. Exclamation Points
17.1 Use exclamation points sparingly; too many of them will dull your effect (compare 9.1).
18. Multiple Punctuation
18.1 In most cases, when two marks of punctuation are called for at the same location in a sentence, only the stronger mark is used (see, for example, 13.3). An abbreviating period, however, is never omitted unless the abbreviation is immediately followed by a terminating period. Other exceptions include 5.1c.
CONCLUSION
Brief outline of the most characteristic features of the five language styles and their variants will show that out of the member of features which are easily discernible in each of the styles, some should be considered primary and others secondary, some obligatory, others optional, some constant, others transitory. One of the five language styles is A PROSE style.
In this Course paper we have investigated:
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The stylistic features of functional styles
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The linguistic features of functional styles.
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Language peculiarities of English PROSE style.
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Language peculiarities of a substyle of PROSE style- otatorical one.
Functional style is thus to be regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the message. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary standard of a language. Each functional style may be characterized by a number of distinctive features leading or subordinate, constant or changing, obligatory pr optional. Each functional style subdivided into a number of substyles. Each variety has basic features common to all the varieties of the given function style and peculiar features typical of this variety alone. Still a substyle can, in some cases, deviate so far from the invariant that in its extreme it may even break away.
The oratorical s ty l e of language is the oral subdivision of the publicistic style. It has already been pointed out that persuasion is the most obvious purpose of oratory.
Direct contact with the listeners permits a combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. In its leading features, however, oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language, though it is modified by the oral form of the utterance and the use of gestures. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: direct address to the audience (ladies and gentlemen, honourable member(s), the use of the 2nd person pronoun you, etc.), sometimes contractions I’ll, won't, haven't, isn't and,others) and the use of colloquial words.
This style is evident in speeches on political and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions, as public weddings, funerals and jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches'of counsel and judges in courts of law.
THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE
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Linda Jorgensen. Real-World Newsletters (1999)
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Mark Levin. The Reporter's Notebook : Writing Tools for Student Journalists (2000)
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Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative Newspaper, (2002)
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M. L. Stein, Susan Paterno, and R. Christopher Burnett, The Newswriter's Handbook Introduction to Journalism (2006)
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Steve Peha and Margot Carmichael Lester, Be a Writer: Your Guide to the Writing Life (2006)
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Andrea Sutcliffe. New York Public Library Writer's Guide to Style and Usage, (1994)
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Crystal D. Investigating English Style. Longman’s 1969.
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Galperin I.R. “Stylistics” M., 1977
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Kukharenko V.A. “A book of practice in stylistics” M., 1986
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“Essays on Style and language” Ed. by R. Towler. L., 1967
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“Essays in Modern Stylistics” Ed. by D.C. Freeman. L – N.Y. 1981
1 Linda Jorgensen. Real-World Newsletters (1999)
2 Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative Newspaper, (2002)
3 Stilstudien, 1928, and Romanische Stil- und Literaturstudien, 1931
4 www.stylistics.com
5 Le Style des Pléiades de Gobineau (1957), "Criteria for Style Analysis" (1959) "Stylistic Context" (1960)
6 Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson
7 Noam Chomsky Syntactic Structures, 1957
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