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Текст из файла (страница 4)
Hoffman, L. and Siedenberg, A., (1999) Ukraine at the Crossroads. (Berlin: Physica Verlag.
International Monetary Fund (1997), Ukraine - Recent Economic Developments. Staff Country Report, no 97/109.October.
Ukraine u tsifrax u 1999 rotsi. (2000) Kyiv.
Zon, Hans van (2000) ‘The political economy of independent Ukraine’ MacMillan, UK.
Zon, Hans van; Batako, Andre; Kreslavska, Anna (1998), 'Social and Economic Change in Eastern Ukraine - the example of Zaporizhzhya’, Ashgate. UK.
Notes
i During the first half of 2000, 50.2 of Ukraine imports consisted of fuels.
ii Households pay a fixed amount for housing services related to the number of persons living in the house and the useful living space. For example, a household, with one adult and one pensioner, that owns a house that formerly belonged to Zaporozhstal in Zaporizhzhya and still profits from its housing services regime, with discount, with 31 square meters useful living space, pays for housing services (tax, electricity, gas, warm water and central heating) 37 hryvnas (approximately 7 dollars) per month. A household with two children, one adult and on top one pensioner with discount, with 66.4 square meters living space, pays 26.5 hryvnas a month for hot water and 38.5 hryvnas for central heating. On top of that 24 hryvnas is paid if 200 kWh electricity is consumer (payments for electricity varies between 24 and 48 hryvnas a month. (December 2000). It means that this family pays for energy between 89 and 113 hryvnas (between 17.8 and 20.5 dollars). It is obvious that in the first case mentioned amount, if paid, can not cover real costs of energy consumption. Still many houses fall under special housing services regimes. In the second case, when energy costs are based on commercial calculations, in most cases families can not pay the full bill.
An average household in the UK consumes 250 cub. m of gas a month, and pays for it 40 pounds, i.e. 58 dollars. Assuming the average consumption per household in Ukraine is also 250 m3, charging 80 dollars per 1000 cubic metres, means 20 dollars per month, i.e. 110 hryvnas.
iii Energobiznes, Nr 34-35, 5 September 2000.
iv EIU, Ukraine Country Report, October 2000, p. 29
v World Development Report 1999/2000, p. 249.
vi The Day, 13 June 2000.
vii Hirschhausen, C. von, et al, 1997, p. 159. According to the World Bank, the energy intensity of production in Ukraine was in 1995 even 0.2 dollar per kg oil equivalent.
viii IMF, 1997, p.11.
ix Kyiv Post, 28 March 1999.
x Kyiv Post, 18 May 2000.
xi IMF, April 1999, p. 19.
xii Eastern Economist, 22 May 2000.
xiii The Day, 22 February 2000.
xiv The system of regionally based gas monopoly rights that Prime Minister Lazarenko created is still in place and protected by President Kuchma. Kuchma vetoed a law that would give rights to the accounting chamber to inspect budget revenues, so protecting the gas traders who suck the Ukrainian economy, giving nothing in return but allowing these traders to transfer huge sums on foreign bank accounts.(Financial Times, 27 October 2000)
xv d'Anieri, 1999, p. 73.
xvi Eastern Economist, 24 February 2000.
xvii Subsidies to coal mining amounted in 1992 to 2.29 per cent of GDP, in 1993 3.36 per cent of GDP, in 1994 3.02 per cent, in 1995 0.66 per cent, in 1996 1.55 per cent, in 1997 2.01 per cent (Zerkalo Nedeli, 6 February 1999).
xviii Kyiv Post, 28 March 1999.
xix BBC/SWB, 5 January 1999.
xx Hirschhausen, C. von, et al, 1997, p. 155.
xxi Kyiv Post, 30 December 1998.
xxii According to P. McInally, coal mining engineer working as consultant for TACIS in Donetsk. 30 January 1999.
xxiii According to a report of the European Investment Bank, The Guardian, 17 February 1999. According to Kyiv Post 6 April 1999, 18 per cent of industrial enterprises pay their energy bill in cash. Only half of the delivered energy remained unpaid. According to BBC/SWB, FSU, 26 March 1999, during January-February 1999 power stations paid only 1.6 per cent of the value of coal consumed.
xxiv In 1996, residential natural gas prices were at 77 per cent of international prices, residential coal prices at 85 per cent and industrial coal prices at 93 per cent (World Bank, 1996, Ukraine - The Real Economy and its Sectors; Kyiv).
xxv BBC/SWB, FSU, 12 March 1999.
xxvi Radio Free Europe, 3 June 1998.
xxvii Golos Ukrainy, 11 February 2000
xxviii Clover, C.,2000, p. 29.
xxix Zerkalo Nedeli, 12 June 2000.
xxx Hirschhausen, C. von, 1999, p. 404.
xxxi Zerkalo Nedeli, 8 May 1999.
xxxii EIU, Ukraine country report 1999, 4th quarter.
xxxiii Bojcun, M. 1999.
xxxiv The Day, 13 June 2000.
xxxv Eastern Economist, 12 June 2000.
xxxvi Kyiv Post, 17 February 2000.
xxxvii Zerkalo Nedeli, 4 November 2000.
xxxviii The Day, 22 February 2000.
xxxix Kyiv Post, 22 June 2000.
xl Radio Free Europe, 29 April 1998.
xli Zerkalo Nedeli, 4 Augustus 2000.
xlii Kyiv Post, 1 November 2000.
xliii The Day, 17 October 2000.
xliv Zerkalo Nedeli, 14 October 2000.
xlv Kyiv Post, 22 November 2000.
xlvi BBC, 3 November 2000.
xlvii Kyiv Post, 6 November 2000.
xlviii Kyiv Post, November 2000.
xlix Kyiv Post, 16 October 2000.
l Zerkalo Nedeli, 9 December 2000.
li Zerkalo Nedeli, 20 May 2000.
lii Radio Free Europe, 11 October 2000.
liii EIU, Country Report Ukraine, October 2000, p. 26.
liv The Day, 17 October 2000.
lv Kyiv Post, 11 September 2000.
lvi Zerkalo Nedeli, 10 June 2000.
lvii Kyiv Post, 2 October 2000.
lviii Kyiv Post, 16 October 2000.
lix D'Anieri, 1999, p. 80.
lx Kyiv Post, 17 November 2000.
lxi EIU, Country Report Ukraine, October 2000, p. 31.
lxii Eastern Economist, 6 June 2000.
lxiii Eastern Economist, 24 February 2000.
lxiv Radio Free Europe, 12 October 2000.
lxv Zerkalo Nedeli, 14 October 2000.
lxvi The Day, 21 November 2000.
lxvii Kyiv Post, 4 October 2000.
lxviii Zerkalo Nedeli, 14 October 2000.
Hans van Zon
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
University of Sunderland, UK
Contribution to the conference
'Geopolitical and Geoeconomical problems
of Russian-Ukrainian relations',
St Petersburg, 22-24 January 2001
Draft, 8 December 2000
Not for quotation
9
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