Diplom (652224), страница 7

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Turning to the genesis of that integrative idea, it must be recalled that the Kazakhstan leader advocated the preserva­tion of good relations and re-integration on a new basis of the former Soviet republics from the very first days of the new states acquiring independence. President Nazarbayev stressed repeatedly that he never raised the idea of independence to the status of a fetish but rather endeavored to preserve old ties and create new ones. The idea of the Eurasian Union originates in the midst of life, in the simple and universal human needs.

From that moment, the debate on the idea of the EAU assumed a new tone. It accelerated the political crystallization on the choice between further disintegration and re-integration on a new basis.

Many participants in the hearings stated that the EAU project offers a chance for entering the 21^st century in a civilized manner, and that it reflects the objective logic of development of the post-Soviet space and the consciously realized objective need for the development of integration processes.

In this way the initiative of forming the Eurasian Union was gaining momentum. The number of its adherents increased at scholarly events, in government offices, and in the diplomatic circles. An understanding and sincere approval of the EAU project was expressed, among others.

The proposals contained in the EAU project - to intro­duce unified visa procedures, to guarantee the freedom of movement, to make the ruble the settlement unit, to create a unified system of defense, parliament, legislation, and an executive com­mittee as an interstate organ - were at first guardedly received by some public figures. However, the numbers of adherents of inte­gration are growing. Clearly, their approaches to the problem differ, but their desire for integration remains strong.

On the question of the main principles of the EAU project, it must be stressed that the EAU is a union of equal, indepen­dent states aimed at the realization of the national interests of each member state and of the available integration potential. The EAU is a form of integration of sovereign states with the aim of consolidating stability and security and socioeconomic modernization in the post-Soviet space. Economic interests determine the foundations of the rapprochement among the independent states. The political institutions of the EAU must adequately reflect these interests and facilitate economic inte­gration.

The following principles and mechanism of formation of the Eurasian Union are proposed:

— National referendums or decisions of parliaments on the entry of states in the EAU;

— The signing by member states of a treaty on the setting up of the EAU on the basis of the principles of equality, noninterference in the affairs of each other, respect for sover­eignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of state borders. The treaty must lay the legal and organizational foundations for deeper integration, with the formation of an economic, cur­rency, and political union as its goal;

— No associated membership is permitted in the EAU;

— Decisions are carried in the EAU by the qualified ma­jority of four-fifths (4/5) of the overall number of member countries.

Independent states join the EAU, if the following pre­liminary conditions are satisfied:

— Mandatory compliance with endorsed inter-state agree­ments;

— Mutual recognition of the existing political institutions of the EAU member countries;

— Recognition of territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders;

— Rejection of economic, political, and other forms of pressure in inter-state relations;

— Cessation of hostilities among member countries.

New members enter the EAU after an expert evaluation is passed on their readiness to enter the EAU and all EAU members vote unanimously on it. An organ formed on parity terms by the states, which expressed their readiness to become EAU members, proposes expert evaluations.

EAU states may take part in other integrative alliances, including the CIS, on the basis of associated or permanent membership or in the role of an observer.

Every member can leave the EAU, giving notice not later than six months before the decision is made.

It is suggested to form the following supranational bodies:

— The Council of EAU Heads of State and Heads of Government - the highest organ of EAU political leadership. Each member state chairs the EAU for a period of six months in rotation according to the Cyrillic alphabet.

— The highest consultative and advisory body is the EAU Parliament. The Parliament is formed by delegating deputies of the member states' parliaments on the basis of equal represen­tation of each member country or through direct elections. Decisions of the EAU Parliament come into force after their ratification by the parliaments of the EAU states. Ratification must be effected within the period of one month.

— The main area of the activity of the EAU Parliament is coordination of the member countries' legislation to insure the development of a unified economic space, protection of the social rights and interests of individuals and of mutual respect for state sovereignty and civil rights within EAU states.

— The EAU Parliament creates a common legal basis to regulate the relations between the member countries' econom­ic agents.

— The Council of EAU Foreign Ministers, to coordinate the member countries' foreign-policy activities.

— The Inter-state Executive Committee of the EAU - an executive and supervisory body functioning on a permanent basis. The EAU heads of state appoints the head of the Executive Committee -a representative of the member countries — for a period defined by the heads. The Executive Committee's bodies are formed to include representatives of all the countries.

The EAU as represented by its Executive Committee must receive observer status in a number of major international or­ganizations, such as:

— The EAU Executive Committee's Information Bureau. The member countries must assume a special obligation or law not to permit unfriendly statements about the treaty's member states, which may damage relations between them.

— The Council for Education, Culture, and Science. The formation of coordinated policy on education, promotion of cultural and scientific cooperation and exchange, and joint activity on compiling textbooks and manuals.

— To achieve a deeper coordination and effectiveness of the activities of the EAU countries, it is deemed advisable to set up in each of them a State Committee (or Ministry) for EAU Affairs.

— Regular meetings and consultations on health servic­es, education, labor, employment, culture, combating crime, and so on, by ministers of EAU countries.

• Encouraging the activities of non-governmental orga­nizations in various areas of cooperation in accordance with EAU member countries' national legislation.

— The Russian language is the official EAU language, functioning side by side with the languages of legislation in the member nations.

— Citizenship. Free movement of citizens within EAU borders requires coordination of external visa policy with re­gard to third nations. On changing the country of residence within the EAU, an individual automatically receives the oth­er country's membership.

— One of the cities at the juncture of Europe and Asia, such as Kazan or Samara, might be proposed as the capital of the EAU.

In order to create a unified economic space within the EAU framework, it is proposed to establish a number of supra­national coordinating structures:

— A commission on the economy under the Council of EAU Heads of State to work out the main directions of eco­nomic reform within the EAU framework; the commission takes into consideration the interests of the national states and offers its proposals for endorsement by the Council of the EAU Heads of State;

— A commission on the raw materials of the EAU export­er countries to coordinate and endorse the prices and quotas for exported raw materials and fuel and energy resources, an appropriate inter-state agreement to be signed by the member countries; coordination of policy in the mining and sale of gold and other precious metals is to be envisaged;

— A fund for economic and technological cooperation formed with EAU members' contributions. The fund will fi­nance promising science-intensive economic, scientific, and technological programs and render assistance in the solution of a wide range of problems, including legal, tax, financial, and ecological issues;

— A commission on inter-state financial-industrial groups and joint ventures; — an EAU international investment bank;

— An inter-state EAU court of arbitration on economic problems, to resolve conflicts on a legal basis and to impose sanctions;

— A commission on the introduction of a clearance mon­etary unit (transfer ruble).

It is proposed to implement a number of measures to preserve the potential achieved in the previous decades and to enhance integration in the field of science, culture, and edu­cation:

— The setting up of common EAU research centers to carry out fundamental research in contemporary knowledge;

— The setting up of an EAU fund for the development of scientific research to unite the scientific collectives from vari­ous countries;

— The setting up of a committee on links in the field of culture, science, and education under the Council of the Heads of EAU Governments;

— Encouragement of the formation of non-governmental associations in the sphere of culture, education, and science;

— The setting up of a grants fund under the EAU Exec­utive Committee.

It is proposed to conclude the following accords on de­fense within the EAU framework:

— A treaty on joint actions to strengthen the national Armed Forces of the EAU member countries and to protect EAU external borders.

The EAU will establish a unified defense space to coordi­nate defense activities:

• The formation of joint peace-making EAU forces to main­tain stability and eliminate conflicts within the member countries and between them. The sending of peace-making forces to conflict areas on EAU territory - with the agreement of EAU member states and in accordance with international legal norms;

• The tabling of joint proposals by EAU member coun­tries at international organizations, including the United Na­tions Security Council, on lending EAU joint contingents the status of a peace-making force;

— The setting up of an inter-state center on problems of nuclear disarmament attended by representatives of interna­tional organizations.

— All EAU states except Russia maintain their nuclear-free status.

In the area of ecology, the following mechanisms must be formed in the nearest future, according to the EAU project:

— An ecological fund under the EAU Council of Heads of State, to realize ecological programs within the EAU frame­work, to be financed by all member states;

— Coordination of actions with international organiza­tions to reduce the extent of environmental pollution;

— Endorsement of short- and long-term programs for major problems of restoration of the environment and liquida­tion of the consequences of ecological disasters (the Aral Sea, Chernobyl, the Semipalatinsk nuclear testing ground);

— The endorsement of an inter-state EAU agreement on storing nuclear waste.

The Eurasian Union of States is thus based on three principal provisions:

— Joint supranational coordinating organs for the man­agement of the economy, defense, and foreign policy;

— A unified economic space;

— A common defense complex.

The supranational institutions include the highest organ of political leadership of the Union - the council of heads of state and heads of government; the highest consultative organ, the parliament; the councils of foreign and defense ministers;

And the interstate executive committee - a permanently func­tioning executive and controlling body whose head is appointed by the heads of government for a term which they them­selves define.

As for the unified economic space, it may be built, e.g., on such a basis as coordinating economic policies and manda­tory programs; a common legislative basis regulating relations between economic agents; a supranational currency on the Eu­ropean ECU model; coordination of direct links between en­terprises; the setting up of joint and mixed industrial-financial groups, transport firms, trade houses, and exchanges. The de­fense and foreign trade complexes may be just as effective. The EAU as represented by its executive committee must receive the status of an authorized representative in all the leading interstate organizations of the world.

The practical realization of the provisions of the EAU project in the bilateral Kazakhstan!-Russian relations is excel­lent proof of the viability of this program.

On January 20, 1995, a package of extremely important integration documents was signed during the working meet­ing between presidents Nazarbayev and Yeltsin. This package included a declaration on expanding and deepening Kazakh-stani-Russian cooperation and an agreement on the Customs Union, which was also signed by Belorussia. Both of these were discussed in detail before. This last agreement opens the way to the establishment of a unified customs space to be followed by a unified economic space, as envisioned in the EAU project.

With the setting up of the Customs Union, the econom­ic cooperation of the three countries is built on the principles of free, non-discriminatory trade; a common market of com­modities, services, capital, and labor; and close interaction in the production, investment, and financial spheres.

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