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There are a group of words which form compound adjectives, such as: аралаш, йўқ, кўл, олий, оч, тўқ, тўла, чала: қумаралаш лой, тенги йўқ қиз, кўп тармоқли соҳа, олий маълумотли, оч қизил, қорни тўқ, тўқ қизил.

In English we can also find the signal words which form compound adjectives; but they are hyphenated: light, dark, long, middle, high: e.g. light – green, dark-blue, middle-aged, long-legged, and high-qualified.

German compound adjectives are formed like English compound adjectives.

1. Adjective + adjective + Adjektive = shwarzweissrot.

Deutsch + usbekisch = deutsch - usbekisch

1. Hell + grün = hell – grün. As in English light – green

2. Adjektive + Adverb = bekannt + in der Welt = Wellbekannt

машхур + дунёда = дунёга машхур

hart + wie Stahl = Stahlhart

қаттиқ + пўлатдай

This kind of adjectives always express comparison rot + wie ziegel = ziegelrot - красный как кирпич

blau + wie himmel = himmelblau - синий как небо

But in English “as … as” is used to show comparison: as blue as the sky

2.3.3 Compound Verbs

In Uzbek compound verbs are formed by joining two words:

1. Verb + noun – verb word: дам олмоқ (to rest), ҳимоя қилмоқ(to defend), пайдо бўлмоқ(to appear).

Some of them are synonyms to simple verbs:

ёрдам бермоқ, = ёрдамлашмоқ, - to help – to give a hand

1. Verb + verb = сотиб олмоқ, чиқариб олмоқ, ютиб олмоқ.

Some verbs such as ўқиб чиқди, кўриб бўлди, бошлаб юборди are not compound verbs in speech. They have no a new lexical meaning.

Verbs which are considered compound , may not be a compound verb in English and German:

муҳокама қилмоқ – to discuss (simple verb)

ғолиб бўлмоқ – to win

In German the main word of compound verb is the second word, but modifying one will be:

• Noun:

teilnehmen - қатнашмоқ

rad fahren - велосипедда учмоқ

• Adjective:

fertigmachen-tayorlamoq, oxiragacha bajarmoq.

festhalten - ushlamoq.

leichtfallen - oson bo`lmoq

• Verb: kennenlernen - знакомитъся.

2.3.4 Classification of compound Words Based on Correlation

• According to the type of correlation all productive types of compound words may be classified into four major classes:

1. Adjectival-nominal compounds comprise four subgroups of compound adjectives-three of them are proper and one derivational, they are built after the following formulas and patterns:

• a, b) the n+a formula, e. g. snow-white, colour-blind, journey-tired correlative; with word-groups of the A + as+N,. A +prp+N type, e. g. white as snow, blind to colours, tired of journey. The structure is polysemantic;

• c) the s+ved formula, e g. fear-stained, duty-bound, wind-driven correlated with word-groups of the type Ved with/by+N, e. g. stained with tears, bound by duty, etc. The distributional formula is monosemantic and is based on the instrumental relations between the components;

• d) num+n formula, e. g. (a) two-day (beard), (a) seven-year (plan), (a) forty-hour (week) correlative with Num + N type of phrases, e. g. two days, seven years, etc. Adjectives of this subgroup are used only attributively;

• e) the (a+n) + -ed pattern of derivational compounds, e. g. long-legged, low-ceilinged. This structure includes two more variants; the first member of the first component may be a numeral stem or a noun-stem (num+n) +-ed, (n+n) +-ed, e. g. one-sided, three-cornered, doll-faced, bell-shaped. Compounds of this subgroup are correlative with phrases of the type—with (having) + A+N, with (having) + Num+N, with (having)+N+N (or N+of+N), e. g. with (or having) a low ceiling, with (or having) one side, with (or having) three corners, with (or having) a doll face for with (or having) the face of a doll, with (or having) the shape of a bell.

• The system of productive types of compound adjectives may be presented as follows (table 2).

2. Verbal-nominal compounds belong to compound nouns. They may all be described through one general distributional structure n+n_v, i. e. a combination of a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem. This formula includes four patterns differing in the character of the deverbal noun-stern. They are all based on verbal-nominal word-groups, built after the formula V+N or V+prp+N:

• a) [n+v+-er)] pattern, e. g. bottle-opener, stage-manager, baby-sitter, peace-fighter, is monosemantic and is based on agcntive relations that can be interpreted as 'one who does smth';

• b) [n+ (v+-ing)] pattern, e. g, rocket-flying, stage-managing, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';

c) [n+ (v+tion/-ment)] pattern, e. g. price-reduction, office-management, is monosemantic and may be interpreted as 'the act of doing smth';

d) compound nouns with the structure n+(v+ conversion), i, e. a combination of – a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem resulting from conversion, e. g. wage-art, dog-bite, chimney-sweep. The pattern is monosemantic.

3. V e r b a l v e r b compounds are a11 derivational compound nouns built after one formal n [(v+adv)+conversion] and correlative with phrases of the V+Adv type, a. g. a break-down from (to) break down, a hold-up from (to): hold up, a lay-out from (to) lay out. The pattern is polysemantic and is circumscribed by the manifold semantic relations typical of conversion pairs.¹

4. Nominal compounds are all nouns built after the most polysemantic distributional formula (n+n); both stems are in most cases simple, e. g. pencil-case, windmill, horse-race. Compounds of this class correlate with nominal word-groups mostly characterized by the N+prp+N structure.

Table 3 shows the system of productive types of compound nouns of these three structural classes.

2.3.5 Distributional formulas of Subordinative Compounds

The internal structure of subordinative compounds is marked by a specific pattern of order and arrangement in which the stems follow one another. The order in which the stems are placed within a compound is rigidly fixed in Modern English as the structural centre of the word is always its second component. Stems of almost every part of speech are found in compounds but they are combined to make up compound words according to a set of rigid rules for every part of speech. The choice of stems and the rules of their arrangement and order are known as distributional or structural formulas and patterns of compound words.

As to the order of components subordinative compound words may be classified into two groups:

1. Syntactic compounds whose components are placed in the order that resembles the order of words in free phrases arranged according to the rules of syntax of Modern English.

The order of the stems in compounds, e.g. bluebell, slowcoach, mad – doctor (a+n) reminds one of the order and arrangement of the corresponding words in phrases like a blue bell, a slow coach, a mad doctor (A+N); compounds like, e.g. know – nothing, kill-joy, tell-tale made up on the formula v+n resemble the arrangement of words in phrases like (to) kill joy, (to) know nothing, (to) tell tales (V+N); the order of components in compounds consisting of two noun – stems door-handle, day-time (n+n) resembles the order of words in nominal phrases with the attributive function of the first noun as in stone wall, spring time, peace movement, etc. (N+N).

1. Asyntactic compounds whose stems are not placed in the order in which the corresponding words can be brought together under the rules of syntax of the language. For example it is universally known that in free phrases adjectives cannot be modified by adjectives, noun modifiers cannot be placed before adjectives or participles, ye t this kind of asyntactic arrangement of stems is typical of compounds among which we find combinations of two adjective stems, e.g. red-hot, bluish-black, pale-blue; words made up of noun – stems placed before adjective or participle stems, e.g. oil-rich, tear-stained, etc.

Both syntactic and asyntactic compound words in each part of speech should be described in terms of their distributional formulas. For example, compound adjectives are mostly formed of noun, adjective or participle stems according to the formulas n+a, e.g. oil-rich, world-wide; n+ved¹ , e.g. snow-covered, home-grown; a+a, e.g. pale-green, red-hot, etc.

Borderline between compound words and free word-groups

Compound words as inseparable vocabulary units taking shape in a definite system of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics are generally clearly distinguished from and often opposed to free word-groups. Their inseparability finds expression in the unity of their structural, phonetic and graphic integrity.

Chapter IV

2.4 Compound words and free word groups

Compound words as inseparable vocabulary units are on the one hand clearly distinguished from free word-groups by a combination of their specific stress pattern, spelling and their distributional formulas. On the other hand, compound words in Modern English lie astride the border between words and word-groups and display many features common to word-groups, thus revealing close lies and parallelism with the system of free phrases.¹ The linguistic analysis of extensive language data proves that there exists a rigid correlation between the system of free phrases and all types of subordinative compounds. The correlation embraces both the structure and the meaning of compound words and seems to be the pivot point of the entire system of productive present-day English composition. The analysis of the structural and semantic correlation between compound words and free word-groups enables us to find the features most relevant to composition and set e system o; ordered rules for productive formulas after which an infinite number of new compounds constantly appear in the language.

Structural Correlation.

There is a correlation and parallelism between the structure of subordinative compound words and corresponding phrases, which manifests it in the morphological character of the components. Compound words are generally made up of the stems of those parts of speech that form the corresponding free word-groups. The stem of the central member or she head² of the word-group becomes the structural and semantic centre of the compound, i.e. its second component. e.g. heart-sick, is made up of the stems of "the noun' heart and adjective sick which form the corresponding phrase sick at heart, with the adjective sick for its head; man-made consists of the stems of the words that make the corresponding phrase made by man; door-handle similarly corresponds to the handle of the door, clasp-knife to the knife that clasps, etc. In all these cases the stem of the head-member of the word-group, in our case sick-, made-, handle- becomes the structural centre of the corresponding compound, i.e. its second component.

The order of the stems coincides with the word-order in word-groups only in the case of syntactic compounds, such as, e.g., blackboard, mad-doctor, pickpocket, tell-tale, etc., in which the structural centre takes the same place as the head of corresponding word-groups.

In compounds each part of speech correlates only with certain structural types of phrases. For example, productive compound adjectives reveal correlation mostly with adjectival-nominal word-groups,¹ i.e. word-groups whose heads are adjectives (or Numerals and Participles) of the type A+prp+N, V_ed+ by/with+N, with+A+N, e.g, adjectives oil-rich, heart-sick correspond to word-groups rich in oil, sick at heart (i.e., n+a→A+prp+N); duty-bound, smoke-filled to bound by duty, filled with smoke (i.e., n+ved+Ved+by/with+N); low-ceilinged to with a low ceiling {[(a+n) +ed] →with+A+N}. Productive compound nouns correlate mostly with nominal word-groups (consisting of two nouns), verbal-nominal and verb-adverb word-groups, e.g.. Moonlight, diving-suit, correspond to the light of the moon, a suit for diving" (i.e. n+n→N+prp+N): proof-reader, peace-fighting to (to) read proofs, (to) fight for peace (i.e., n+nv→V+N, V+prp+N), etc. So it follows that the distributional formulas of compound words in each part of speech are circumscribed by the structure of correlated word-groups.

Semantic Correlation.

Semantically, the relations between the components of a compound mirror the semantic relations between the member-words in correlated word-groups. The semantic relations established between the components, for example, in compound adjectives built after n+ved formula, e.g. duty-bound, snow-covered are circumscribed by the instrumental relations typical of the members of correlated word-groups of the type Ved + by /with+N regardless of the actual lexical meanings of the stems; compound adjectives of the (a+n)+ed pattern like long-legged, straight-backed mirror possessive relations found between words in correlated word-groups of the with+A+N type, e.g. with long legs, with a straight back; compound nouns built after the pattern n+(v+-er)—letter-writer, bottle-opener, traffic-controller display agentive semantic relations typical of word-groups 'one who writes letters'; 'the thing that opens bottles' built after the general formula N that V+N.

Structural and semantic correlation by no means implies a one-to-one correspondence of each individual pattern of compound words to one word-group formula or pattern. For example the n+nv formula of compound nouns comprises different patterns such as [n+(v+-er)] rocket-flyer, bottle- opener, cover-shooter, [n+(v+-ing] street-fighting, rocket-flying, cover-shooting; both patterns correlate in the final analysis with verbal-nominal word-groups of one formula—V+N or V+prp+N,e.g. to flyrockets, to fight in the streets, to shoot from a cover. However, the reverse relationship is not uncommon, e;g. one distributional formula of compound adjectives (n+a) in words like age-long, sky-high, colour
blind corresponds to a variety of individual word-group patterns which differ in the grammatical and semantic relations between member-words expressed by the preposition, thus, compounds journey-tired, girl-shy, oil-rich, world-wide correspond to tired of journey (A+of+N), shy before girls (A+before+N); rich in oil (A+in+N);wide as the world (A+as+N). Nominal compound made up of two simple noun-stems (n+n) may serve, as another example of the semantic correlation between formulas of compound nouns with a variety of individual patterns of nominal word-groups. Compound nouns like doorstep, hand-bag, handcuffs incorporate manifold semantic relations found between member-words of various patterns of the general formula of word-groups N+prp+N. Nominal compounds appear to express freely in a concise form what can be expressed only in a more elaborate and complicated periphrastic way by word-groups. "It should be remembered that the semantic relations in some cases may be interpreted differently.

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