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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ Л
Раздел 1.1
ПОНЯТИЕ И ВИДЫ ЧАРТЕРНЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК
Студент гр. 35-Р: А.А. Чепурных
Консультант кафедры «ИЯМК»
Старший преподаватель Е.В. Маркова
Хабаровск – 2015
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in conditions of the economic crisis and the devaluation of the ruble, tour operators seek to maintain clientele and a stable level of sales. Charter flights can significantly reduce the cost of tourism products, making it more accessible to tourists. That’s why this topic is relevant for the Russian tourism industry in general and for the Khabarovsk tourism industry in particular.
Charter flights are a powerful tool for the development of tourist destinations,because they directly affect to the price of the tour and travel time.
The purpose of the research is to explore charter flights as a tool for development of tourist destinations.
Research tasks:
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to clarify the concept of «charter» and its types;
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to explore the technological features of charters;
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to determine the cost structure of the charter flight;
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to analyze the role of charter in the development of tourist destinations;
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to analyze trends of the charter market in Khabarovsk;
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to identify the problems and prospects of development of charter flights from Khabarovsk;
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to draft a charter flight from Khabarovsk.
The object of the research is charter flights in tourism.
The subject isthe development of new tourist destinations by charter flights.
For solving the problems in this work were used such scientific methods as comparison, generalization, induction, as well as applied research methods: a survey in the form of interview, and the economic calculations to justify the cost-effectiveness of the project.
The information base for this work were tutorials of Hubenko, Ilyina, Osipova, Golubeva's dissertation, articles of Chibireva, Varaksina posted on information portals "Turprom" «ATO», and article of Anokhina published in the "Journal of the Science MSTUCA", method of determining the standard cost of passenger flights, and others.
In Chapter 1 the author explores the features of the organization of charter flights, their types, the structure of the cost of charter flights, charter market, the technology of its work, as well as trends which take place in the market at the moment.
In the 2nd chapter the author analyzes the current situation in the market of charter flights in Khabarovsk, problems and prospects of its development.
In Chapter 3 the author presents the research results of the justification of the choice of a tourist destination for its development through the organization of charter flights, as well as the calculations, confirming the economic feasibility of the project.
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FEATURES OF ORGANIZATION OF CHARTER FLIGHTS IN TOURISM PURPOSES
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Definition and types of charter flights
Charter flights are very popular among the tourists who would like to visit exotic places of the world, because usually this is the only way to get there.Regular flights can’t satisfy the seasonal flow of tourists going in tropical countries and on tropical islands,so this problem has to be solved by charter flights. Among these countries include: Turkey, Greece, Tunisia, Thailand, Spain and its island territories, Maldives, Seychelles and other exotic places of the world.
Term “charter” came out from maritime transport field, and now it’s well-known and wide-spread in aviation field.According to the contract of charter aircraft one party (owner of an aircraft) shall provide the other party (the charterer) the aircraft for a fee.The charterer takes over the aircraft for air transportation passengers, cargo or passengers for either a certain amount of time or for a certain point-to-point voyage.
Implementation of charter air flights is governed by Air laws regulations of the Russian Federation, according to which,the contract of charter should include names of the parties, aircraft type, the purpose of the charter, the maximum number of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, amount of charge for chartering, time and place of departure, destination. Inthe contract of charter may be included other conditions. The contract of charter also is governed by rules contained in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Commercial Maritime Code of the Russian Federation.
A charter flight is a flight in an aircraft in which all the seats are paid for by a travel company and then sold to their customers, usually at a lower cost than that of a scheduled flight [53].
Charter is the major alternative to a scheduled air service for the carriage of passengers or freight. But, more generally, an organization can contract to pay an agreed sum to a carrier owner in return for the exclusive use of any means of transport, for example, an aircraft, ship, coach and train for the flights and dates named. The transport owner or operator will receive payment for the charter regardless or who travels, so that only the operator carries the financial risk involved. Much of the terminology is derived from the shipping industry, but the following principles can be applied to any mode of transportation including chartering of aircrafts, trains or coaches [52].
Charter flight is a flight on a special order to carry passengers on the definite route at the agreed time. In the role of charterer of flight can be travel agency, large enterprises, educational institutions, socio-political party etc.The difference between a charter flight and a scheduled flight on an airline is that a charter flight involves the passenger renting an entire aircraft to fly a specific route, as opposed to buying a seat on a commercial carrier [56].
So, term “charter” in this work refers to charter which a tour operator rents the aircraft and advertises and sells seats to members of the public, either directly or through a travel agent. In the case of public charters, the flight must be filed with the Department of Transportation (DOT) of the Russian Federation, and the tour operator must supply a charter prospectus. The tour operator also must assume a legal responsibility to provide the transportation service, and must abide by DOT requirements for the protection of the clients' money. Public charters often operate only seasonally, and are often sold as part of a vacation package deal, although spare seats may be offered at bargain prices [54].
Charters can be arranged on domestic and international routes, developed or new ones. There area number of distinguished varieties of commercial charters, which are summarized in figure:
Figure 1.Types of charters
A single entity charter is one in which an individual or company charters a plane and bears the entire cost of the flight, so that the passengers do not pay their own airfare. There is no minimum passenger requirement, since the cost is per flight, not per person. Single-entity charters are typically used for business purposes -- for example, travel to meetings and conferences, incentive travel or VIP leisure travel [58].
An affinity charter is slightly different in that, although all of the passengers are affiliated with a specific business, group or organization, each pays his own air fare. The passengers might sports or music fans traveling to a special event, or a bunch of friends going on vacation. With this type of charter, none of the seats can be sold to members of public.
An inclusive tour charter, known as an ITC, is the generic term for a charter where the passengers have purchased at a single inclusive price, a travel service which includes other elements in addition to the charter travel, such as accommodation [55].
A block-off charter is the chartering of only part of the capacity of an aircraft. This can mean that a number of operators have shared a charter. It is more commonly used to describe the situation where an operator has chartered part of the capacity of a scheduled service. This is sometimes also known as a part charter.
A non-affinity chartera flight where a group of passengers is formed without any restrictive signs about the professional community. Operator pays the full charter price of the charter on the basis of a minimum number of passengers.
A split charter –combined charter, where the passengers are transported by regular and charter flights in different parts of the route.Split charter can combine different groups of passengers, following a variety of purposes and even in different final destination [54].
Under the terms of usingan aircraft charters differ as:
An ad hoc charter is a charter, where an aircraftis rented for one trip at a time. These trips can be one-ways, round-trips, or multi-leg flights.
A time charter is where an operator charters an aircraft 24 hours of the day for a period of time. The operator is entitled to the exclusive use of the aircraft during the period it is chartered from the owner.
A series charter means an air carrier provides flights between specified points on a regular basis, usually weekly, so that holiday arrangement can be organized back to back [58].
Thus, after analyzing the classification of charter flights for key criteria, it was concluded that the most common and frequent charter type under the method of organization is an inclusive tour charter, and under the terms of using an aircraft is a series charter.
The charter flight has some differences from the scheduled one. These differences are presented in Table 1.1
Table 1.1
Characteristics of regular and charter flights
| Criteria | Scheduled flight | Charter flight |
| Dependence on the time schedule | Flight is strictly on a predetermined schedule | Departures may be made at any convenient for the customer date. |
| Dependence on the schedule in place | Departure and arrival are strictly on a predetermined schedule | Departure and arrival depend on the customer's wish |
| Dependence on occupancy of the flight | The flight will be on schedule anyway (even with 2-3 passengers). | The flight will be only after the customer provides the desired occupancy of an aircraft. |
| Distribution of tickets for the flight | Tickets are in sale for everyone | The charterer alone distributes tickets among its passengers |
| Ticket price | Standard rates are set by carriers. | The charterer sets ticket prices, based on its benefits and costs. Typically, the ticket price of charter flights is lower than the scheduled flights |
Source: Author’s research
Organization of charter flight requires extensive preparation work by charterer and carrier.In addition to signing the contract for charter carriage necessary to carry out a number of other events. At the same time tour operators may have problems directly related to implementation of the transportation, in spite of the fact that carriers are in charge of the process.The reason is that difficulties due to various reasons, experienced by air carriers, are automatically transferred to their partners.
Many charter flights are sold as part of a package tour in which the price paid includes flights, accommodation and other services. At one time this was a legal requirement (or one enforced by the airlines' cartel), but this is no longer the case, and so-called "flight-only packages" can be bought by those who merely want to travel to the destination. Such packages are frequently cheaper than regular schedule airline fares. Furthermore charter airlines frequently operate on routes, or to airports, where there is no scheduled service. Much of the traffic through small and medium sized airports in the United Kingdom consists of charter flights, and the survival of these airports often depends on the airline landing fees they get from the charter companies. Charter flights typically carry passengers who have booked individually or as small groups to beach resorts, historic towns, or cities where a cruise ship is awaiting them [57].
The economics of charter flights demand that the flights should operate on the basis of near 100% seat occupancy, and the standard of seating and service may be lower than on scheduled airlines (though this is by no means always the case).
In this way it’s may be concluded that charter flights are commercial flights specially chartered to transport tourists on a specific route at a specific period of time. Charters are an important tool, which is actively usedby the tour operators in order to provide the transport accessibility of tourist destinations. With a number of advantages over scheduled flights, charter flights have become indispensable in transportation of tourists.
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