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As of January 1, 2014, there are 15 such cities on theterritory of Russia. At the same time, 2 of them are also multimillionaire cities, that38is, with a population exceeding 2 million people. In total, in the largest cities ofRussia, according to official figures, there are about 32.5 million people or almost23% of the country's population.3.2 Environmental management systemThe development of legislation on nature conservation in Russia can beconditionally divided into three periods - until 1917, during the Soviet period andin the post-Soviet period.At the beginning of the 20th century, under the auspices of the Academy ofSciences, it was planned to create a special institution to monitor nature protection,and in 1915-1916 a draft Law on Nature Protection was even prepared, but it wasnot implemented.In the early 1920s, with the advent of Soviet power and with the nationalizationof all natural resources, a number of laws were adopted: the Land Code of theRSFSR (1922), the Forest C ode of the RSFSR (192 60 3), the decree of the Council 60 ofPeople's Commiss ars of the RSF 60 SR "On the Subsoil of the Earth" (1920), Thedecree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People'sCommissars of the USSR "On the Fundamentals of the Organization of Fisheriesof the USSR" (192 4), the decree of the Council 60 of People's Commiss ars of theRSF 60 SR "On Hunting" (192 0), the decree of the Council 60 of People's Commiss ars ofthe RSF 60 SR "On the Protection of Natural Monuments, Gardens and Parks" (192 1),the decree of the Council 60 of People's Commiss ars of the RSF 60 SR "On the sanitaryprotection of dwellings" (1919).Until the 1970s, the problem of protecting the natural environment wasconsidered not as an ecological one, but as a sanitary one, that is, from the point ofview of influence on human health.
But then the priorities shifted, and in the 1970sand 1980s new environmental legislation was adopted - the Land Code of theRSFSR (1970), the Water Code of the RSFSR (1972), the RSFSR Subsoil Code39(1976), the RSFSR Forest Code (1978), the RSFSR Law "On the protection ofatmospheric air" (1982), the RSFSR L aw "On the Protection and Use of Wildlife"(198 58 2). Then the environment was not considered as something integral, but ratheras a set of definite, albeit in need of protection, but disunited resources.
On theother hand, the need for environmental protection measures was already fullyrealized, and the stronger, the more natural resources were involved in economicactivities.In September 1972, the Session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR establishedthe protection of nature and the careful use of natural resources as one of the mostimportant tasks of the state.
On December 29 of the same year, a joint decis ion ofthe Central Committee of the C 93 PSU and the Council of Ministers "Onstrengthening the protection of nature and improving the use of natural resources"was adopted.Mass public environmental movement in the late 19 80s played an importantrole in the developm 62 ent and development of environmental law and legislation, theestablishment of public administrat ion in the field of environmental protection 58 andthe use of natural resources. In the late 1980s, the USSR State Committee forNature Protection was established. At the same time it was decided to create a newlaw on nature protection.In the early 199 0s, the Ministry of the Russian Federation 67 for the Protection ofthe Environment was established (Ministry of Environment, then the Ministry ofEcolog y).In post-Soviet Russia, since 33 the resumpt ion of the State Duma in 19 33 93, ab outthree dozen laws relating to the environm 33 ent have been adopted.These are laws of nature protection and nature resourc es, which were aimed atensuring the safety of products, works and services for 33 the environment, life, hea 33 lthand property, as well as economic objects, tak ing into account the risk of natural 33and man-m ade disasters and other emergencies.
Am 33 ong t hem are the laws 33 "On theSanitary and Epidemiological Well-be ing of the Population" (1991), 33 On the Subsoil 3340(1992), "Fundamentals 33 of the RF Legislation on the Protection of Health ofCitizens" (1993), "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" (1995), "On Animal(1995), the Water Code of the Russian Federation (199 5), On the Radiation Safetyof the Population (199 33 6), 33 On the Red Book of the Russian Federation (1996),Forest C 33 ode of the Russian Federation (1997), 76 On Waste Production andConsumption "(1998), etc.Environmental law, as an integral part of public relations, and implementingthis law, environmental legislation, is based on the Constitution of the RussianFederation, in which environmental issues are assigned one of the leading places.In more detail, the environmental obligations and rights of Russian citizens arespelled out in the new Law on Environmental Protection, adopted on January 10,2002, which prescribes the defining principles of nature protection activity and isthe main source of environmental law in Russia, the main environmental act ofdirect action.
In accordance with article 64 of this law, three types of environmentalcontrol are being carried out in the Russian Federation - state, industrial and public.The rules for the use of individual resources are established by the Land,Forest ry, Water Codes and 33 the RF Law "On Subsoil". 33In autumn 20 02, the Russian government approved the Environmental Doctrineof the Russian Federation 33 and an action plan for its implementati 33 on. The ecologi caldoctrine of the Russian Federat 33 ion determines the goals, directions, tasks andprinciples of holding a unified state environmental policy in the Russian Federationfor a long-term period.Nature Preservation and environment improvement are priority areas of thestate and society.The strategic g oal of the state policy in the field 68 of ecology is to preservenatural systems, maintain their integrity and life-supporting functions for thesustainable development of society, improve the quality of life, improve publichealth and demographic situation, and ensure the country's environmental security[12].41As p art of the governm 61 ent of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service 61 forEnvironmen tal and Technological Cont 33 rol was established.The legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmentalprotection today allows preserving the quality of the environment in the RussianFederation.
The main problem in this case is to ensure compliance with therequirements of these laws.On January 27, 2009, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted aresolution "On the Implementation of State Control in the Field of EnvironmentalProtection (State Environmental Control)."In April 2012, former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev approved the"Fundamentals of State Policy in the Field of Ecologi cal Development of theRussian Federation for the per 63 iod 43 until 2030", which became the first document inthis country's history to determine the country's long-term environmental strategy.The development of these Fundamentals is conditioned by the need to ensureenvironmental safety in the modernization of the economy and in the process ofinnovative development.The strategic g oal of the state policy in the field 68 of environmental developmentis the solution of socio-economic tasks that ensure environmentally orientedeconomic growth, the preservation of a favorable environment, biological diversityand natural resources to meet the needs of present and future generations, therealization of the right of everyone to a favorable environment, Strengthening lawand order in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmentalsafety [20].The document defines the principles of protection, reproduction and rationaluse of natural resources.Also, the document introduces mandatory environmental expertise of projects,proposes to proceed from the "presumption of ecological danger of plannedeconomic and other activities", as well as "prohibition of the implementation ofeconomic and other activities, the consequences of which are unpredictable for the42environment."January 5, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree, accordingto which the year 2017 in Russia declared the year of ecology.
The purpose of thisdecision is to draw attention to the problematic issues that exist in theenvironmental sphere and improve the state of the country's environmentalsecurity.The main tasks to be solved are:- Improvement of the regulatory and legal framework governing the protectionof the environment, and the practical application of those amendments that havealready been approved by the Parliamentary Corps;- Improvement of environmental indicators;- Formation of an active civil position in the sphere of ecology among Russiancitizens;- Development of the system of reserves in Russia.The year of ecology in Russia implies the implementation of a cycle of events.All levels of government will be involved in their conduct: federal, regional andmunicipal.
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