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On the territory of the"green shield" can be located facilities related to sports, health and tourism, as wellas sanatoriums, medical, recreational facilities.But here it is impossible to dispose of hazardous production, the territoryshould not be contaminated - it is forbidden to place wastes of high hazard classes.It is forbidden to "green belts" and capital construction - with the exception ofhydraulic structures, communication lines, power lines, pipelines, highways,railway lines, other linear objects.
From the territories of the "green shield" will be48excluded deposits where minerals are mined.The creation of such an ecological framework around the cities in any caseshould take into account the parameters of the strategic development of theterritory, after all, both work to improve the quality of life of people, noted inRosleskhoz.The law provides for the possibility of changing the boundaries of the "greenshield", but with the obligatory inclusion there of the same territory as the one thatas a result decreases. And the initiator of deforestation of the "green belt" will beobliged to plant new trees." The cities and their suburbs need to evolve, they can not be limited once andfor all by some kind of" 25 green fence.
" And now the law provides for the possibilityof changing borders by excluding certain territories with compulsory compensationby including others," 25 the Federal Forestry Agency said [27].Sergei Donskoy spoke about the law "On the Green Shield" in his interviewwith Rossiyskaya Gazeta: " The Green Shield Act is aimed at improving theenvironmental situation in megacities. Around them forest park "green belts"should be formed on the initiative of the citizens themselves.
That is, zones with alimited regime of economic activity, even, I would say, a regime for the specialprotection of natural objects. This is really a fundamentally different level ofparticipation in this of citizens and local self-government, the work of publicenvironmental control. If citizens see in such a "green belt" an attempt to seize,illegal construction, they can fix them and attract state supervision bodies,prosecutors". 25He also noted that they have many plans for the Year of Ecology. Manyregions will switch to a new system of work with solid municipal waste, newmodern landfills and waste-processing enterprises will appear, they will graduallybegin to deal with illegal dumps, including recultivation. Will launch new modernenvironmentally friendly technologies in enterprises.When asked whether companies are willing to switch to "green" technology,49Sergei Donskoy replied that this is a complex process, quite costly at the initialstage.
Nevertheless, they tried to make it so that the rules were introducedgradually, balanced with certain benefits for business. And business mostly goes tomeet, 52 agreements with large companies have already been signed for a total ofabout 130 billion rubles. This is an environmental investment. In general, theattitude towards ecology has changed recently and business began to take an activeposition[28].504.
Comparative analysis of the environmental management system incountries of the Asia-Pacific region and RussiaJapan"Environmental Management" is not a ministry, but a specialized unit with aspecial status under the aegis of the Prime Minister.
Its power is limited: it does notissue its own decrees or decrees, but through the Prime Minister has the ability toresolve the conflicts that arise. The responsibilities of this management bodyinclude coordination and planning of nature conservation at the state level.The Office has a Central Council for the Control of Environmental Pollution,which includes scientists and specialists, as well as three research and traininginstitutes. With the adoption of the Decree on Restoration and Protection of NaturalLandscapes, the Office established a Bureau for Nature Protection responsible forthe state of forests, parks, and historic protected areas.
As a unique body within theOffice, one can mention the current Fund for Assistance to Victims ofPollution[29].51Picture 4.1 Organization of the Ministry of the Environment in Japan [2]52South KoreaThe Ministry of Environment is the competent ministry in charge ofenvironmental conservation and is responsible for formulating comprehensiveenvironmental policies. As of July 2014, the main office of the Ministry ofEnvironment consists of 527 officials, two departments, three bureaus, six offices,37 divisions, two teams, and two task forces, as well as eight regional offices,associated subsidiaries, and affiliated public institutions.
The key functions of theMinistry of Environment are to: (1) Establish a basic environmental administrationsystem for enacting and amending environmental legislation, introducingenvironment-related schemes, and otherwise managing the national environment;(2) Formulate and enforce mid- and long-term comprehensive plans forenvironmental conservation; (3) Set various regulatory standards; (4) Provideadministrative and financial support to regional environmental offices and localgovernments for environmental management; and (5) Cooperate with othercountries regarding environmental conservation.
The Planning and CoordinationDepartment is in charge of administrative innovation, formulating key operationplans, budgeting, organizational management, environment information, andemergency plans. The International Cooperation Office consists of the InternationalAffairs Division, in charge of international environmental cooperation, and theGlobal Environment Division, in charge of global environmental conservation. TheEnvironmental Policy Department consists of the Environmental Policy Office,which is in charge of formulating comprehensive plans on environmentalconservation, environmental technology development, environmental industries,environmental education, and environment-related cooperation with privateorganizations; the Environmental Health Policy Office, which is in charge ofenvironmental health and management of hazardous chemicals, indoor air quality,noise, and other aspects of living environment management; and the Climate andAir Quality Policy Office, which is in charge of formulating air qualityconservation policies, managing air pollutant-emitting establishments, vehicle53pollution prevention, clean fuels, and climate change measures [13].Picture 4.2 Organization of the Ministry of the Environment in SouthKorea[13]6154Russian FederationThe Ministry of Natural Resources and Environme 61 nt (Minprirody) is afederal executive body responsible for drafting and implementing governmentpolicy and the legal regulation in the field of the exploration, use, reproduction andprotection of natural resources, including mineral resources, water bodies,woodlands, animals and their habitats, and land relations concerned with thetransfer of water and forest areas, as well as specially protected areas, territoriesand sites (as regards specially protected natural areas) to lands of other categories,in forestry relations, hunting, hydrometeorology and related sectors, environmentalmonitoring and protection, including radiation control regulation and monitoring,as well as developing and implementing the national policy and legal regulations inenvironment protection, including issues related to the treatment of industrial andconsumer waste, specially protected natural territories, and state environmentalexpert evaluation.55Picture 4.3 Organizat ion of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environm 67 ent inRussia [30]56Air pollution is one of the main risk factors for health related to theenvironment.
By reducing levels of air pollution, countries can reduce the burdenof diseases such as stroke, heart disease and lung cancer, as well as chronic andacute respiratory diseases, including asthma.The lower the levels of air pollution, the better the cardiovascular andrespiratory health of the population, both in the long term and in the short term.The WHO Air Quality Guidelines contain an assessment of the health effectsof air pollution and pollution thresholds that have a detrimental effect on health[31].Health situation in Japan is shown in the picture 4.4 and 4.5.Picture 4.4 Health systems in Japan [31]57Picture 4.5 Health situation and trends in Japan [31]Health situation in Japan is shown in the picture 4.6 and 4.7.Picture 4.6 Health systems in South Korea [31]58Picture 4.7 Health situation and trends in South Korea [31]5.
Внедрение иностранного опыта охраны окружающей среды в г.59ХабаровскеНаселение Хабаровска – 611 160 человек (2016), площадь города – 386км2, плотность населения 1583,32 чел./км2 [20].Климат в Хабаровске – резко континентальный, несмотря на близостьбольшой реки. Амур мало смягчает жару летом и не слишком увлажняетморозный воздух зимой.
Летом – жара, которая вызывает лесные пожары.Гарь стоит во всем городе и практически не сдувается ветрами с реки,которых в это время практически нет.Жара достигает 30-35 °С и держится около 2-3 недель. В остальные днилета стоит обычное летнее тепло 25-30 °С. Часто идут грозы и меняетсяпогода к вечеру. Периоды затяжных дождей коротки.
Устойчивое теплоприходит в конце мая и длится до сентября. Июль – самый теплый месяцгода, январь – самый холодный. Зимние температуры держатся в диапазоне отминус 20-25 °С до минус 40°С (редко), но часты ветра.Количество солнечных дней до 300 в году. Это обусловлено господствомзимой Сибирского антициклона, благодаря которому с ноября по март надгородом устанавливается очень сухой и морозный континентальный воздух сясной и солнечной погодой [20].Загрязнения атмосферы от электроэнергетики составляют почти 27% всехпромышленных отходов.
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