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The strategic goal of the state policy in the field of ecology is to preserve natural systems, maintain their integrity and life-supporting functions for the sustainable development of society, improve the quality of life, improve public health and demographic situation, and ensure the country's environmental security [12].
As part of the government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Environmental and Technological Control was established.
The legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection today allows preserving the quality of the environment in the Russian Federation. The main problem in this case is to ensure compliance with the requirements of these laws.
On January 27, 2009, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution "On the Implementation of State Control in the Field of Environmental Protection (State Environmental Control)."
In April 2012, former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev approved the "Fundamentals of State Policy in the Field of Ecological Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030", which became the first document in this country's history to determine the country's long-term environmental strategy. The development of these Fundamentals is conditioned by the need to ensure environmental safety in the modernization of the economy and in the process of innovative development.
The strategic goal of the state policy in the field of environmental development is the solution of socio-economic tasks that ensure environmentally oriented economic growth, the preservation of a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources to meet the needs of present and future generations, the realization of the right of everyone to a favorable environment, Strengthening law and order in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety [20].
The document defines the principles of protection, reproduction and rational use of natural resources.
Also, the document introduces mandatory environmental expertise of projects, proposes to proceed from the "presumption of ecological danger of planned economic and other activities", as well as "prohibition of the implementation of economic and other activities, the consequences of which are unpredictable for the environment."
January 5, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree, according to which the year 2017 in Russia declared the year of ecology. The purpose of this decision is to draw attention to the problematic issues that exist in the environmental sphere and improve the state of the country's environmental security.
The main tasks to be solved are:
- improvement of the regulatory and legal framework governing the protection of the environment, and the practical application of those amendments that have already been approved by the Parliamentary Corps;
- improvement of environmental indicators;
- formation of an active civil position in the sphere of ecology among Russian citizens;
- development of the system of reserves in Russia.
The year of ecology in Russia implies the implementation of a cycle of events. All levels of government will be involved in their conduct: federal, regional and municipal. Participation in the designated events will be wide segments of the population: schoolchildren, employees of nature protection facilities, volunteers, active citizens.
The organizational committee created by the decree of the Administration of the President of Russia responsible for the formation of the plan of events and organization of their implementation, in accordance with the President's decree, includes heads of federal and regional authorities, members of the scientific community and representatives of some organizations engaged in environmental activities in In particular, employees of the Russian Geographical Society.
By decree of the President, the organizing committee was instructed to formulate a plan of events to be held in 2017. The 168 items on this list are the events that were planned for the end of 2015 as part of the implementation of the state program "Environmental Protection" for 2012-2020.
In particular, a number of all-Russian and regional meetings will be held to discuss the most pressing issues in the field of development of natural resources protection, a cycle of conferences, forums and round tables. All-Russian competitions will be approved and held: among schoolchildren throughout the country, to identify the best employee of nature protection zones, etc. It is planned to organize a number of festivals and rallies, photo exhibitions will be organized, volunteer actions will be held, the work of children's and teenage camps will be organized. One of the most striking events is the ascent to Mount Elbrus and the large-scale run along the ice of Lake Baikal - the organizers plan to give it an international scale.
Particular attention will be paid to coverage of all activities in the media. A number of television and radio broadcasts will be launched. Relevant headings will appear in popular science publications: National Geographic, Around the World, Geo, Nature and Man XXI Century. On the First Channel, all interested citizens will be able to watch a series of documentaries on Russian environmental protection zones.
A full list of activities that will be implemented in 2017 in ecology in Russia is contained in the Russian Government's disposal No. 2720-r. [21]
President of Russia V.V. Putin on December 27, 2016 at the meeting said: "I will designate the most acute environmental problems that require a priority solution. The key issue is the achievement of a drastic reduction in emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, their discharges into reservoirs and into the soil, primarily due to the technological re-equipment of industry, the introduction of the best available technologies. A number of large companies are already implementing their environmental programs, but we know that not all enterprises give due attention to these issues " [22].
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Environmental problems and solutons
The decline of heavy industry in the 90s of the last century to a significant extent helped to correct the problem of air pollution in Russia, which has already acquired a dangerous scale, because in the days of the USSR, the level of air pollution was one of the highest in the world. The Soviet government did not anticipate that heavy industry wastes emitted into the atmosphere and deforestation, which reduces the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, may pose a problem. To increase the production capacity, no natural resources were spared, and thick smoke over the pipes of the factories was considered proof of unprecedented technocratic and industrial achievements, and evoked a sense of pride instead of logical in this case of concern for the environment and their health.
When combustion of automobile fuel, in addition to carbon dioxide, fine dust and microscopic particles of soot are emitted into the atmosphere. Inhaled by a person, they become the cause of various oncological diseases, because they are quite strong carcinogens. Even substances that are harmless to humans, such as freon, get into the upper atmosphere, contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer. Consequently, there are more and more ozone holes that pass through the hard ultraviolet spectrum of solar radiation. This affects not only the climate of the Earth, but all people, since such radiation is one of the main causes of skin cancer, and a rise in temperature leads to an increase in cardiovascular diseases. Climate change due to air pollution and global warming has a significant impact on human life and has far more serious consequences than we can imagine. For example, it leads to a reduction in land suitable for cultivation, thereby reducing the area of agricultural land. That, in turn, threatens to reduce the possible amount of food and the onset of universal hunger [23].
The pollution of the environment is significantly influenced by transboundary transfers of pollutants from countries neighboring with Russia.
The main areas of transboundary impact on the Russian atmosphere are:
- Western and Eastern Europe (especially Germany and Poland);
- North-eastern regions of Estonia (shale mining and processing area);
- Ukraine (radioactive contamination in the region of Chernobyl, high concentration of industrial hubs in the central part, in the Kharkiv region and the Donbas);
- Northwest China (radioactive contamination);
- Northern Mongolia (mining areas) [24].
In order to solve the environmental problems of Russian forests and reduce their cutting, it will be necessary:
- to establish less favorable conditions for the export of timber, especially valuable breeds;
- to improve working conditions for foresters;
- to strengthen the control of deforestation directly in the forests.
For water purification, you need:
- reorganization of treatment facilities, most of which do not cope with their functions due to outdated and largely defective equipment;
- review of technologies for processing and recycling of production wastes; Improvement of processes for utilization of domestic inorganic wastes.
To improve air quality we need the following:
- application of more modern and environmentally friendly fuels, which would enable to significantly reduce the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere;
- development of filters at heavy industry enterprises.
To reduce the amount of household waste:
- in addition to improving the methods for disposing of household waste, it will also be necessary to solve the problem of using more environmentally friendly materials in the manufacture of, for example, packaging for products;
-to reduce pollution of forest plantations and other places of recreation, it is necessary to organize work with the population on environmental issues, as well as imposing severe penalties for the release of inorganic garbage in an unauthorized place.
It is in the interests of our country to preserve and revitalize the environment around us. At present, state supervision over its use is significantly weakened. Certainly, relevant laws and conceptual documents are adopted, but often we see that they are not working efficiently in the regions or in the regions. But despite this, there are shifts. Complex measures are carried out aimed at stabilizing and mitigating the environmental situation in industrial regions of Siberia and the Urals, which often use innovative technologies. Energy-saving programs are being implemented in the country [23].
Apparently, in many foreign countries there is already an understanding that economic development can not stop, it is aimed at the reproduction of environmental capital. International actions of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection should go on a different path, having ceased so actively destroying the totality of components of the natural environment. A positive result can be the existence of an adequate international regulatory and legal framework, the existence of a unity of goals, objectives and will in the actions of public authorities at various levels ensuring law and order in the environmental sphere, both at the level of the Russian Federation and at the level of the entire world community. International cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and environmental security is being developed within the framework of multilateral conventions. Currently, there are over three thousand bilateral treaties and agreements aimed at protecting nature and nature management. Thus, from the above, it can be concluded that the aspect of interests caused to acquaint with foreign experience and law enforcement practice of public administration in the field of environmental protection, and Also with the system of bodies performing them, analysis of the functions assigned to these bodies, methods, methods and legal mechanisms used to implement environmental factors contribute to the profound changes of the economic system, the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the democratic transformations Sovereign stvennoj and public life. The proclamation of Russian legal gosu darstva, the rule of law, separation of powers involves serious legal changes in various fields, including in the field of environmental protection [25].
The state policy in the field of environmental development of Russia for the period up to 2030, based on the Constitution, the principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation, federal laws, laws of the RF subjects, aimed at ensuring a balanced solution of socio-economic problems, the conservation of biological diversity and natural resources to meet the needs of present and future generations, the realization of the right of every person to a healthy environment, the rule of law in t he area of environmental protection and ecological safety. [26]
"Green Belt" is a kind of protective frame from plantings and natural forests around cities. He plays an important ecological role, the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" was told in the press service of the Federal Forestry Agency (Rosleskhoz).
Such "green shields" were actively created in Soviet times. Then they did not deal with this issue for a long time. But the problem of restoring and creating new belts has ripened long ago, public activists, residents of the regions, talked a lot about this. As a result, a federal law appeared.
It is important to understand the difference between the "green belt" and specially protected natural areas, the department notes. On the territory of the "green shield" can be located facilities related to sports, health and tourism, as well as sanatoriums, medical, recreational facilities.
But here it is impossible to dispose of hazardous production, the territory should not be contaminated - it is forbidden to place wastes of high hazard classes.
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