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Thischannel of possible impact of social capital on the results is absent in co-active sports (forexample, bowling), where team members act more or less independently of each other, and ateam result is made up of individual achievements.Secondly, according to the available data, results of national teams, unlike clubs, have arelatively weak effect on the players' income and their "capitalization" in the professionalmarket, and thus in teams there are practically no direct financial incentives for players tomake efforts for the team’s win.

This indicates the importance of non-financial motivationassociated with pro-social norms, collectivist values, a sense of belonging to the society andresponsibility for broader social welfare. For the two mentioned reasons, in the case ofnational teams, both channels of influence of social capital, as described above, are involvedin the results, when social capital facilitates the coordination of the players' efforts, and alsoincreases efforts for a common success. Simultaneous presence of these two channelsincreases the odds of detecting the expected impact of social capital on team results.Thirdly, due to the popularity and importance of football, there is detailed and diversesoccer statistics, available for empirical analysis and testing hypotheses of research.

It isimportant that, due to the record popularity of soccer globally, such statistics covers manycountries all over the world with different cultural characteristics and other factors necessaryfor our analysis; such variability is a potential asset for the construction of empirical models.The analysis is also facilitated by the universality of the rules of game and the organization oftournaments, as well as the possibility of an objective measurement of the achievements ofsoccer teams.Fourth, numerous publications on the economics of soccer and the success factors ofsoccer teams serve as a baseline and allow to assess more accurately the contribution of thethesis to the research area of sports economics. Finally, the choice of the object of research ismotivated by the importance of football in the modern world.The subject of this thesis is the role of social capital in the solution of the collectiveaction problem.

A theoretical model of such social capital’s role is constructed, and on thebasis of this model the hypotheses of research are formed and subjected to empiricalverification.Research objectivesIn order to achieve the goal of the research stated above – to demonstrate theoreticallyand to estimate empirically the role of social capital in the national soccer teams’performance – the following objectives are set and achieved in the dissertation:1. To review and analyze the current state of research in the economics of sports, withparticular emphasis on the prerequisites of success of national soccer teams, as wellas the state-of-the-art economic studies of the collective action problem and of therole of social capital in its solution.2. To formulate, based on such analysis, approaches and strategies of a theoretical andempirical study of the contribution of social capital to the success of national soccerteams.3.

To construct a theoretical model of social capital in collective action, adequate tothe object of research, and to form on the basis of ,analysis of the proposed model,research hypotheses about the role of social capital in the performance of nationalsoccer teams.4. To propose and justify a methodology for estimation of social capital in nationalteams, as well as for measuring other variables and factors, to identify necessarysources of information, and on thus create a database for empirical analysis.5. To construct and estimate econometric models for testing the research hypotheses.6. To verify robustness of the obtained empirical findings to sample composition,estimation methods and measurement procedures for the main variables.Main hypothesesTwo main hypotheses are stated and tested in the dissertation.Hypothesis 1.

Social capital is a significant factor of national soccer team success.Hypothesis 2. Social capital and individual talent of team players mutually complementeach other as factors of national soccer team success, so that one of them increases thereturn to the other.Methodological and theoretical research basisTheory of collective action and its development in modern academic literature serves asthe theoretical basis for this research. Approaches to modeling non-observable contributionand non-excludable output of collective action are based on classical papers, such as(Holmstrom 1982, Bergstrom, Blum, Varian, 1986).

Implicit incentives theory (Holmstrom,1999; Dewatripont, Jewitt, Tirole, 1999) is used to describe the incentives and efforts ofnational soccer team players. Players’ altruistic motivation is introduced into a model inaccordance to the theory of pro-social behavior (Andreoni, 2006; Benabou, Tirole, 2006,Bartling, Siemens, 2010; Calabuig et al., 2016).Various econometric analysis techniques serve as the methodological basis of theempirical section of the thesis.

Those include the ordinary least squares method, Poisson andnegative binomial regressions, results of the Sobel test for mediation effect (Baron, Kenny,1986).Data sourcesInformation source of the study comprise three independently derived datasets based onthree cross-country surveys: World Values Survey (WVS), European Social Survey (ESS)and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions analysis. These databases are used to calculate socialcapital indices of national soccer teams. The justification of such approach to measuringsocial capital of national soccer teams is provided in the thesis. It is important that socialcapital of national teams’ measures are derived from several independent sources. Obtainingqualitatively identical conclusions using different data sources increases the reliability of theempirical results of this thesis.To calculate success measures for national teams, cardinal and ordinal estimates of theresults of national football teams provided by the International Federation of FootballAssociations (FIFA) are used.

Individual strength of the players is measured by an estimateof their transfer value (www.transfermarkt.de).Main findings and contributionsMain findings and results of the thesis are as follows.1. A theoretical model of social capital in the team, reflecting the peculiarities ofnational football teams, was developed and investigated.2. Based on the analysis of the model, it was shown that social capital and cumulativetalent of players are two mutually complementary factors of the team's success.3. An approach to estimation of social capital of national football teams based oncross-country survey data is developed and justified.4.

An aggregate talent of the team players’ index is calculated; it is shown that theinfluence of a number of factors on team success, revealed in the previous literature,is mediated by such aggregate talent index.5. Based on several econometric models, it is shown that social capital is a significantsuccess factor for national soccer teams; mutual complementarity of social capitaland strength of players as team success factors has been demonstrated. or the teamare demonstrated. This means that social capital increases payoffs to players’ talentsin top-performing teams.6.Robustness of main empirical findings has been demonstrated.Originality of the thesisResearch questions and main findings of this thesis are novel:the problem of analysis and estimation of the role of social capital in nationalsoccer teams was stated and solved for the first time in academic literature;an original model of social capital in a football team, synthesizing the previouslyproposed in the literature approaches to the analysis of pro-social incentives andcareer concerns, and explaining the joint influence of the social capital and talentof the team on its results, has been developed;an empirical information base for analysis of the role of social capital in nationalfootball teams has been compiled and put in use;for the first time in academic literature, an aggregate talent index for nationalsoccer teams is calculated according to the original methodology; it is shown thatthis index integrates and mediates the impact of a number of team success factorsconsidered in the previous literature;quantitative estimations of the return to social capital in national soccer teams areobtained for the first time in academic literature;evidence of the mutual complementarity of players’ strength and social capital asthe resources of football teams has been found for the first time in the literature.Theoretical significance of the research resultsThe thesis provides new knowledge about mechanisms and channels of the influence ofsocial capital on the efficiency of collective actions in team, as well as about the link betweenindividual abilities of participants and their collective ability to work together towards acommon goal.

New knowledge about success factors of football teams has also beenobtained, synthesizing two streams of research - economics of sports and economics of socialcapital, and filling lacunae in each of these directions.Applied significance of the research resultsInclusion of social capital and players’ talent into the set of success factors of nationalteams increases the explanatory and predictive power of empirical models of national teams’success. It is shown that the contribution of social capital increases in the strength of team’splayers, which emphasizes the role of cultural factors in the success of the strongest nationalteams.Reliability and validation of resultsThe main findings of the dissertation are based on the state-of-the-art economic andmathematical models. Methods of theoretical and econometric analysis used in the thesismeet modern academic standards.

Predictions of the formal theory have been verifiedempirically. Quantitative estimates of social capital’s contribution to the performance ofnational football teams are reliable due to their robustness to alternative specifications ofeconometric models and to the choice of various sources of statistical information.The results of the dissertation research were tested by the means of discussions at anumber of international academic conferences and research seminars: XVIIAprilInternationalAcademicConference on Economic and SocialDevelopment, Moscow (Russian Federation), April 19-22, 2016; Research Seminar on the Economics of Sport, organized with the assistance of theFrench Ministry of Sport, Paris (France), May 22, 2016; The 8th European Conference on Sport Economics (ESEA), Groningen, (Kingdomof the Netherlands), August 31-September 2, 2016; Research seminar of the HSE "Political Economy", Moscow (Russian Federation),February 7, 2016; International Academic Conference on the Economics of Football, Kazan (RussianFederation), June 23-24, 2017; Research Seminar of the Higher School of Economics on Sport Studies, Moscow(Russian Federation), November 16, 2017.Author’s original articlesThe main results of this thesis paper are published in three articles in academic journalscertified by the VAK of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, atotal of over 50 pages. Zaytseva I.

А. (2018). Social Capital as a Factor of Sports Achievements: The Caseof National Football Teams // Journal of the New Economic Association, 1 (37), p.25–47. Zaytseva I. А. (2015). The role of social capital in national football teamperformance // Gorizonty Ekonomiki. Vol. 24. № 5. p. 123-130. Zaytseva I. А.

(2015). Economist’s view on sport: current state of the field //Voprosy Ekonomiki. № 11. p. 100-119..

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