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Hrybouski. “Savetskijarepresii u Zachodniaj Belarusi (kastrychnik 1939 – cherven 1941 hh.” In Repressivnaya politika sovetskoy vlasti vBelarusi (Minsk: Memorial, 2007); V. Baran. “Zachystka”: politychni represiji v zachidnych oblactiach Ukrajiny,1939-1941 (Lviv: Instytut ukrajinoznavstva, 2014).85appearing on particular regions or cities of Western Belorussia and Ukraine;9 while thehistoriographic problems of interethnic relations in this region have become particularly urgentand relevant.10The pioneering works of Dov Levin11 and Ben-Cion Pinchuk12 attempt to analyze thehistory of Eastern Polish Jews in 1939-1941 particularly from the Jewish perspective.
Being thefirst publications on this topic, these monographs defined the basic approaches in this field ofresearch. Especially Levin submitted the concept of the lesser of two evils according to which inSeptember 1939 the Jewish population of Eastern Poland welcomed the Soviet troops as the lesserevil in comparison with the worst Nazist antisemitism. This concept as a whole is significant;however, it does not take into consideration the specific circumstances: indeed, among Polish Jewsthe socialist ideas and sympathy to the USSR were quite widespread. Moreover, the clearunderstanding of what was the lesser evil and what was the worst came only after September 1939.W. Sleszyński.
Okupacja sowiecka na Białostocczyżnie: Propaganda i indoktrynacja (Białystok: BiałystockieTowazhystwo Naukowe, 2001); A. Zapalec. Ziemia tarnopolska w okresie pierwszej okupacji sowieckiej, 1939-1941(Kraków: Księg. Akademicka, 2006); M. Kucherepa. Istoria Volyni: 1939-1941 rr. (Lutsk: Volynska oblasnadrukarnia, 2006); T. Bereza (editor). Lwowskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939-1941) (Rzeszów: Instytut PamięciNarodowej, 2006); F. Akerman. „Harodnia pad savietskaj akupatsyiaj (verasen 1939 – cherven 1941 hh.)” In Arche:Pachatak, No. 1, 2016: 6-26; R.
J. Czarnowski. Lwów: okupacją sowiecką (Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rytm",2016).9Ref. M. Wierzbicki. Polacy i Białorusini w zaborze sowieckim: Stosunki polsko-białoruskie na ziemiach pólnocnowschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej pod okupacja sowiecka, 1939-1941 (Warszawa: Volumen, 2000); S. V. Strunets, E.S. Rosenblat. „Polyaki i evrei v Zapadnoi Belorussii: dinamika sblizheniy i konfliktov (1939-1941)” In Diaspory, No.1, 2003: 202-227; M. Gnatowski.
Polacy-Sowiecy-Żydzi w regionie Łomżyńskim w latach 1939-1941. Tom 1. Studia.(Łomża: Łomżyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe im. Wagów, 2005); J. J. Milewski, A. Pyżewska (editors). Stosumkipolsko-białoruskie w wojewódytwie Białostockim w latach 1939-1956 (Warszawa: Instytut studiów politycznychPAN, 2005); W. Bartoszewski. „Polacy-Żydzi-wojna-okupacja” In Polacy-Żydzi, 1939-1945 (Warszawa: Rytm,2006), 6-15; M. Wierzbicki. Polacy i żydy w zaborze sowieckim: stosunki polsko-żydowskie na ziemiach północnowschodnich II RP pod okupacą sowiecką (1939-1941) (Warzsawa: Fronda, 2007); E. Barkan, E.
A. Cole, K. Struve(editors). Shared History – Divided Memory – Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939-1941 (Leipzig:Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007).1011D. Levin. The Lesser of Two Evils: Eastern European Jewry Under Soviet Rule, 1939-1941 (Philadelphia: TheJewish Publication Society, 1995). The first edition was published in Hebrew in 1989.12B.-C. Pinchuk. Shtetl Jews under Soviet Rule: Eastern Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1990).6Both monographs by Pinchuk and Levin were published at the beginning of the 1990s whenSoviet archival documents were still unavailable.
Therefore, the basic sources of their works arewritten memoires and oral testimonies of the Jews survived the World War II. However, regardingthe fact that Soviet archives were made available for research in the 1990s, nowadays these worksare somewhat outdated.The history of the Jewish population of the former Eastern Poland in 1939-1941 is not a verypopular issue among historians of the post-Soviet countries. A list of articles on the interethnicrelations, antisemitism, Jews-refugees belongs to E.S. Rosenblat.13 Furthermore, the quite wellknown monograph of I. Elenskaya and E.S. Rosenblat entitled Pinskie evrei: 1939-194114 has beenmainly focused on the history of the Holocaust while the pre-war period has been superficiallymentioned.The article of O.V.
Budnitskii Slishkom polyaki dlya Sovetov, slishkom evrei dlyapolyakov15 observes the specifics of ethnic and social situation of the Eastern Polish Jews: on theone hand, they were aliens for the Polish fellow citizens while on the other hand they wereforeigners for the Soviet authority. These circumstances became crucial in the Eastern Polish Jews’fate in 1939-1945. Thus, this article is important for my research methodology.Ref.: E. S.
Rosemblat. “Antisemitism i politika sovetskoi vlasti v zapadnykh oblastyakh Belarusi v 1939-1941godakh (na primere Pinskoi oblasti)” In Vestnik evreiskogo universiteta, No. 16, 1997: 61-72; E. S. Rosenblat. “Evreiv sisteme mezhnatsionalnykh otnoshenii v zapadnykh oblastyakh Belarusi. 1939-1941 г.” In Białoruskie ZeszytyHistoryczne, No. 13, 2000: http://www.gsom.spbu.ru/files/upload/library/list_of_literature.pdf. Accessed September5, 2014; E. S. Rosenblat. “Sovetizatsiya i antismitism v zapadnobelorusskikh zemlyakh. 1939-1941” In Sovetyzacjai rusyfikacja północno-wschodnih ziem II Rzeczypospolitej, 1939-1941 (Białystok: Wyd-wo Uniw.
w Białymstoku,2003), 105-118.; E. S. Rosenblat. “Chuzhdiy element”: evreiskie bezhentsy v Zapadnoi Belorussii (1939-1941)” InIstoriya i kultura rossiiskogo i vostochnoevropeiskogo evreistva (Moscow: Dom evrejiskoi knigi, 2004), 333-361.1314I. E. Elenskaya, E. S. Rosemblat. Pinskie evrei: 1939-1944 (Brest: Brestskii gosudarstvenniy universitet im.Pushkina, 1997).O. V. Budnitskiy. “Slishkom polyaki dlya Sovetov, slishkom evrei dlya polyakov: polskie evrei v SSSR v 19391945” In Ab Imperio, No. 4, 2015: 213-236.157The monograph by S. Bender The Jews of Białystok during World War II and the Holocaust16and Y. Bauer’s Death of the Shtetl17 observe the Holocaust and its background on the EasternPolish region. Both authors treat the period of the Soviet power as a “mental annihilation” - whichwas followed by the physical extermination during the Nazi occupation - of the local Jews.Since the experience of transformations of 1920-1930-s in the Soviet “old” regions wereincorporated during the Sovietization of Western Belorussia and Western Ukraine, I also observedthe scientific publications on the Soviet policy and society of the 1920-1930s.
In particular, themonographs on the history of the Jewish population in the BSSR was highly enchasing for myresearch.18The problem statementMy dissertation seeks to reveal the aims, the process and the consequences of the Sovietizationof the Jewish population in Western Belorussia in the period from 1939 to 1941. I conduct myresearch from two perspectives evaluating:a) the entire Sovietization policy in the annexed region;b) the impact of that policy on the Jewish lifestyle.Thus, in my study I focus on the broader social and political context of the local Jewish historyof the borderland region during the period between 1939 and 1941.S.
Bender. The Jews of Białystok during World War II and the Holocaust (Waltham: Brandeis University Press,2008).161718Y. Bauer. Death of the Shtetl (New Heaven: Yale University Press, 2009).A. Shternshis. Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939 (Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Press, 2006); А. Zeltser. Evrei sovetskoi provincii: Vitebsk i mestechki, 1917-1941 (Moscow: ROSSPEN,2006); А. S.
Zamoiskiy. Transformatsiya mestechek Sovetskoi Belorussii 1918-1939 (Minsk: I.P. Logvinov, 2013);E. Bemporad. Prevraschenie v sovetskikh evreev: Bolshevistskiy eksperiment v Minske (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2016);A. Sloin. The Jewish Revolution in Belorussia. Economy, Race, and Bolshevik Power (Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Press, 2017).8Professional significanceIn the current historiography, works are mainly focused on the reaction of the Jewish populationto the policy of the Sovietization.
Not only the Jewish reaction to Sovietization is considered inmy research, but also the aims and mechanisms of this policy. My approach is to examine whatthe Soviet authorities needed, which methods were used to achieve their goals and what was done.Therefore, I incorporate the combination of various kinds of sources, both Soviet Governmentmaterials and ego-documents such as memoirs and oral history.Theoretical framework and research methodologyThe history of the Jewish population of the annexed territories between 1939 and 1941 is oftenexamined from the perspective of their future extermination – i.e. the events happened on eve ofthe Holocaust. In my study I argue that this perspective of vision is rather incorrect insofar as itprovides an incorrect insight of the Sovietization policy and of the local Jews’ strategies andbehavior under the Soviet rule.
Moreover, at that time nobody could certainly predict with thedestiny of Polish Jews in the closest future. Thus, my approach is to analyze these events not as adestruction process of Jewish lifestyle, but rather as its transformation. In my opinion, suchapproach allows for a more detailed and an accurate picture of the Jewish everyday life in theperiod from 1939 to 1941.From the methodological point of view, my research proceeds through the tools of new socialhistory;19 while from the thematical and chronological perspective, this dissertation contributes toL. P.
Repina. “Novaya istoricheskaya nauka” i sotsialnaya istoriya (Moscow: Institut vseobschei istorii RAN,1998); E. J. Khobsbaum. “Ot sotsialnoi istorii k istorii obschestva” In Filosofiya i metodologiya istorii (Moscow:2000), 289-320.199the scholarship of the social history of Stalinism.20 Since the sufficient attention in the researchhas been paid to the life conditions under the Soviet rule in 1939-1941, this work has been partiallywritten in line with the Alltagsgeschichte (Everyday history).21Conducting the cumulative analysis of the Soviet transformations in Western Belorussia, Ireferred to the concept of Revolution from abroad proposed by Gross.22 This concept suggestsstudying the Sovietization history of the Eastern Polish population in 1939-1941 as a socialrevolution imposed by the external forces.Since this thesis also refers to the scholars of the Soviet national policy – especially in theparagraphs on Soviet school reforms (chapter 2 paragraph 2) and on the reforms in culture (chapter4 paragraph 5) – I also refer to the theory of Affirmative Action Empire by T.
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