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The extracellular portion of the integrin dimer binds to specific amino acid sequencesin extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin orfibronectin or, in some cases,to ligands on the surfacesof other cells.The intracellular portion binds to a complex of proteins that form a linkage to thecltoskeleton.For all but one of the 24 varieties of human integrins, this intracellular linkage is to actin filaments, via talin and a set of other intracellular anchorage proteins (Figure 19-45); talin, as we shall see later, seems to be the key componentof the linkage. Like the actin-linked cell-cell junctions formed by cadherins, theactin-linked cell-matrix junctions formed by integrins may be small, inconspicuous and transient, or large, prominent, and durable.
Examples of the latter arethe focal adhesions that form when fibroblasts have sufficient time to formstrong attachments to the rigid surface of a culture dish, and the myotendinousjunctions that attach muscle cells to their tendons.In epithelia, the most prominent cell-matrix attachment sites are thehemidesmosomes, where a specific type of integrin (cr6p4)anchors the cells tolaminin in the basal lamina. Here, uniquely, the intracellular attachment is tokeratin filaments, via the intracellular anchor proteins plectin and dystonin(Figure 19-46).IntegrinsCanSwitchBetweenan Activeand an InactiveConformationA cell crawling through a tissue-a fibroblast or a macrophage, for example, or anepithelial cell migrating along a basal lamina-has to be able both to make andto break attachments to the matrix, and to do so rapidly if it is to travel quickly.<TGAI> Similarly, a circulating white blood cell has to be able to switch on or offits tendency to bind to endothelial cells in order to crawl out of a blood vessel ata site of inflammation under the appropriate circumstances.
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V l l a q l1o6urpurqqbnorqt{;1eamaraqpe}srUlp slla)oM] aLlf'lla) 6ugluase,rd-ua6r1ueue ql!/!rey(roqdull f e ro ralunoruaaql ur uorle^ll>eu1r6a1u;65-6 1 arn611Nru9rtNl lvll llv^ll-)v o-L] V N 9 l S S C N I SU O l d l ) l U l l l ) - I8 N O l l - 1 N 9 0 ) l UN l 9 l l N V+iolda)arlla)-ltAV)ror- Nlu9llNlt v j t l o 9 N t c N t S) v l ^1 1 a6: u r l u a s e l d - u a b t l u e'''i"tti *u'*ilff--%#"*lla) J-'suoll)unfxplew relnlle)erlxfeql pue'uotseqpVlla) :61taldeq3 VLLLlla)1175INTEGRINSAND CELL*MATRIXADHESIONintegrins, creating a plaque in which many cytoskeletal filaments are anchored,as at a hemidesmosome in the epidermis or at a focal adhesion made by afibroblast on a culture dish.
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