B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis и др. - Molecular Biology of The Cell (6th edition) (1120996), страница 66
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This hereditaryinformation is passed on from a cell to its daughter cells at cell division, and fromone generation of an organism to the next through the organism’s reproductivecells. The instructions are stored within every living cell as its genes, the information-containing elements that determine the characteristics of a species as awhole and of the individuals within it.As soon as genetics emerged as a science at the beginning of the twentieth century, scientists became intrigued by the chemical structure of genes.
The information in genes is copied and transmitted from cell to daughter cell millions of timesduring the life of a multicellular organism, and it survives the process essentiallyunchanged. What form of molecule could be capable of such accurate and almostunlimited replication and also be able to exert precise control, directing multicellular development as well as the daily life of every cell? What kind of instructions does the genetic information contain? And how can the enormous amountof information required for the development and maintenance of an organism fitwithin the tiny space of a cell?The answers to several of these questions began to emerge in the 1940s. Atthis time researchers discovered, from studies in simple fungi, that genetic information consists largely of instructions for making proteins.
Proteins are phenomenally versatile macromolecules that perform most cell functions. As we saw inChapter 3, they serve as building blocks for cell structures and form the enzymesthat catalyze most of the cell’s chemical reactions. They also regulate gene expression (Chapter 7), and they enable cells to communicate with each other (Chapter15) and to move (Chapter 16). The properties and functions of cells and organismsare determined to a great extent by the proteins that they are able to make.Painstaking observations of cells and embryos in the late nineteenth centuryhad led to the recognition that the hereditary information is carried on chromosomes—threadlike structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that becomevisible by light microscopy as the cell begins to divide (Figure 4–1). Later, whenbiochemical analysis became possible, chromosomes were found to consist ofdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein, with both being present in roughly thesame amounts.
For many decades, the DNA was thought to be merely a structuralIN THIS CHAPTER4THE STRUCTURE ANDFUNCTION OF DNACHROMOSOMAL DNA ANDITS PACKAGING IN THECHROMATIN FIBERCHROMATIN STRUCTURE ANDFUNCTIONTHE GLOBAL STRUCTURE OFCHROMOSOMESHOW GENOMES EVOLVEChapter 4: DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes174Figure 4–1 Chromosomes in cells. (A) Two adjacent plant cellsphotographed through a light microscope. The DNA has been stained with afluorescent dye (DAPI) that binds to it. The DNA is present in chromosomes,which become visible as distinct structures in the light microscope only whenthey become compact, sausage-shaped structures in preparation for celldivision, as shown on the left.
The cell on the right, which is not dividing,contains identical chromosomes, but they cannot be clearly distinguishedat this phase in the cell’s life cycle, because they are in a more extendedconformation. (B) Schematic diagram of the outlines of the two cells alongwith their chromosomes. (A, courtesy of Peter Shaw.)(A)element. However, the other crucial advance made in the 1940s was the identification of DNA as the likely carrier of genetic information. This breakthrough in ourunderstanding of cells came from studies of inheritance in bacteria (Figure 4–2).But still, as the 1950s began, both how proteins could be specified by instructionsin the DNA and how this information might be copied for transmission from cellto cell seemed completely mysterious.
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