B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis и др. - Molecular Biology of The Cell (6th edition) (1120996), страница 22
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Wereribosomal RNA genes “born” perfect?1–9Genes participating in informational processessuch as replication, transcription, and translation aretransferred between species much less often than aregenes involved in metabolism. The basis for this inequalityis unclear at present, but one suggestion is that it relatesto the underlying complexity of the two types of processes.Informational processes tend to involve large aggregatesof different gene products, whereas metabolic reactionsare usually catalyzed by enzymes composed of a singleprotein.
Why would the complexity of the underlying process—informational or metabolic—have any effect on therate of horizontal gene transfer?1–10 Animal cells have neither cell walls nor chloroplasts, whereas plant cells have both. Fungal cells aresomewhere in between; they have cell walls but lack chloroplasts. Are fungal cells more likely to be animal cells thatgained the ability to make cell walls, or plant cells that losttheir chloroplasts? This question represented a difficultissue for early investigators who sought to assign evolutionary relationships based solely on cell characteristicsand morphology.
How do you suppose that this questionwas eventually decided?VERTEBRATESSalamanderCobraRabbitChickenWhaleCatHumanCowFrogGoldfishPLANTSBarleyLotusEarthwormAlfalfaInsectBeanClamINVERTEBRATESNematodeChlamydomonasPROTOZOAParameciumFigure Q1–2 Phylogenetic tree for hemoglobin genes from a varietyof species (Problem 1–11). The legumes are highlighted in green. Thelengths of lines that connect the present-day species represent theevolutionary distances that separate them.1–11 When plant hemoglobinQ1.3genes were first discovered in legumes, it was so surprising to find a gene typical of animal blood that it was hypothesized that the plantgene arose by horizontal transfer from an animal.
Manymore hemoglobin genes have now been sequenced, anda phylogenetic tree based on some of these sequences isshown in Figure Q1–2.A.Doesthis treesupportor refute01-50the hypothesis thatFigure01-03Problemthe plant hemoglobins arose by horizontal gene transfer?B.Supposingthat thetreeplant hemoglobingenes werePhylogeneticfor hemoglobingenes fromoriginallyaderivedfromofa parasiticnematode,for example,varietyspecies.The legumesare shownwhat wouldexpect the phylogenetic tree to look like?in yougreen.1–12 Rates of evolution appear to vary in different lineages. For example, the rate of evolution in the rat lineageis significantly higher than in the human lineage. Theserate differences are apparent whether one looks at changesin nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and are subject to selective pressure or at changes in noncoding nucleotide sequences, which are not under obvious selectionpressure.
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