В.М. Постников - Практикум по почвоведению (1107880), страница 4
Текст из файла (страница 4)
OHu tfOpnaupyloTct B ycJIoBI,Isx KOItTpIHeHTzUIbHofo3acyrrrJrr,rBofoKJrI.IMara$ :0,2), noA enrEFIo pa3pexer{HblM pacruTeJTEHIIMnoKpoBoM' Eyprte [ycrblHHo-crenHble iloqBbl xapaKrepu3yIorc.rr HH3KHIuooAepxaHueM ryMyca, xap6onatxocrblo I4 3acoJrenHoc'rsro 6o.nrutefi qacrn npo$ltnn. lloqeenH-btft noKpoB orrHriaercqKoMlUreKoHocmro,6onlurnM yqacrneM, a qacro ranpeo6lagaHl4eM, 3aCOJICHHbIX ilOTIB.B soHe nycrblHb (r Typ4xcrofi nragnnensocrx) ycloeus noqeoo6ptBoBaHI4t orJll,Iqarorc.tt erue 6oree srlcoKoff apgAgocrblo KIIHMaTapomn pacTuTeJrbHocwr.3onalbHbrg uorrBbl (K, : 0,1) p{HraqTo)KHOfieepo-6ypue ry/crblHgble - ManoryMycrtbl I{ 3acoJIeHbI.F{a repparoputlnecqaHble IIycTbIHHbIeSOJIOHIIaKIT,SOHI16OmIXtre apeanbl 3aHI4MUUOTIIOIIBbI H HE3AKPEIJIEHHbIEIIECKPI.llpegroprx Tsnt-Illans u Koner4ara, a rarcKe reppr{ropurl BypaK cyxrdMcy6rpourercau.3geclAparcxncxoft nagnaennocru,ornoc.trTc-srroqBbr$opnrxpyrcrcs ua l€ccax nog s$euepoeofi pacrn'relbHocrblot6B ycJIOBI{gX OTTTOCI4TeJIbHOHHTeHCHBHOTOBeCeHHe[OyB.rItDKHe]{I4t.noqBaMH3oiranrsruupr{Bnglorcfi cepogeMbr,xapaKTepa3yrolluec.a HeyBenr.rr{eHHeMco.qep)KaHrrrryMyca (no cpa&reHr4ro c eepoKOTOpbTM6yprmrn) u rap6onarHoorbro rcero npo$rurx.Grnocane"nrHo se6omurse reppuTopr{u 3axaerca3rs (carraaa3anaAHa{ qacrb lpysNia ra rpafiuufi roro-BocroK Asep6aftaxaHa) xaparrepll3yrorc.fl B.triDKHbrMcy6rponuvecKl{MKJrHMaroM c ornoc}frersnopaBHoMepHbrMH o6r.rrbHbrMyBna?Kr{enr4eM(Ku > 2), o6yc.rrorneHnuuBJTHfiHHeMoporpa$lruecxoro Sarropa.
B :rlix ycnoeHsx trrHTeHcHBHOeXr{runr{ecKoeBbiBeTpLrBaHr.Iefopnbix flopoll BeAeTK o6pasonaunroQepparnurubrx Kop BhrBerpr{tsaHvrfr.,rta Koropbrx noA [ioJroror\,{ Bea{Ho3eJreHbrxJrecoB $opnnnpylorcfl Kpacno3eldbr r{ x(eJrro3eMbr.1.2. llparrnqecrcr4e 3aH{THsB npoqecce za*txrlaft cry4eHTbr AoJrlKHbrBbrnoJrHrdrb rprsa4auns.l. Oqeunru ponr $amopoB nor{Boo6pa:onanrusH xapaKrep vx v3MeHeHHflHa a3yi{aeMoft reppxr:opnn.2.
CacrasursKapry rroqBeHl{brx 3or{ H [oA3otr rraacuna6al:10 000 000 a nereHAy H ueft.3. llona:arr cocraB noqBeHHofo nonpoBa HaxAofi 3oH6r14noA3oHbrB BHAe Qop[.{ynbr.I4exognsre MarepnaJrBr: llcqBensar rapra Poccun r,r conpeA€JrbHbrx rocyAapcrB Macrrrra6a l:4 000 000; flo.reeF{}ra{ xapra CCCPuacm'ra6a i:16 000 000; 'ra6ruar4a<<lloqeeunble r.rnaHArrra$nmre soHbr) co cpeAHHL{r,r3HaireHH-{MuHoe$Sr.rqueHra yBn&KHenux (Kr) anxxax<.qofi 3ou6r H rroA3oHbr; bnarrxosas Kapra reppr4Topr.rs Fyccxoft parHrrubr, flpuxacnaficKofi nprsMeHHocrrr,eauaAuofi qacrr{ Ycrropra, KapaKyrv{oBN Konergara uacrura6a 1:10 000 000.Bsogxaq deceAa EpenoAaB&TeJrfl oxnarlrnaer ABe reMbr.c) CoAepxaHue MeJrKoMacrura6nrrx [or{BeI{HbIX rcapr:, cnocoSaruso6paxenras u ilpr,rHrrnnbrnocrpoeHnr JrerenArr.q) Ocnoesue 3aKoHoMepHocrr,r crpoeHr4ff rroqBeHHcro [oKpoBapaBHr4HbrB cBr3H c pr3MeueuraeMnaHABocroqso-Erponeficnofiura$rHo-x.nHMaruqecKnx ycnoeufi no.reoo6pasoBaHr,r.{.1.
BuAenenae [oqBeHHbIX 3oH u noA3oH Ha 6ranxosofi rapre naocHoBaHHH npeAocraBnenHblx MerKoMacmra6nrx rtor{BeHHbIXKapr.CryAeuru [poBoAflT rpaHuubl 3oH H noA3oH, Hcnonb3yt ycJtoBHbleB BHAeKoHTpacrHbIXuBeroB (uanpunaep, rpaHuubl 3oHoSosHaqeHra-flKpacHbrMrrBeroM, fpaHHIrbI rIoA3oH- cuuNu).2. Oqenrca rasMeHeHufl$arropor nounoo6pa:oBaHa.n reppuTopl4llI,1g ocnosHux $arcropon no.reoo6pa:oBaHllt Ha rlpaKruqecKoM 3aHtTHr,rpaccMarpxBarorcs pacrnTenbHuft nonpon 14KIIHMaT. Cry4ernavtneo6xoAul,ro yoraHoBrrb coorBercrBue noqBeHHbtx H naHAIIraS'rHsx3oH H yKa3ars ua 6laHxoeofi rcapre Alr xax(qoft noqseHrlofi 3oHbl 14rroA3oHbrHrBBaHr{ecoorBercrByrorqefi efi naHgura$rnofi gonn. B rar{ecrBe oAsofi as o6o6qeHHbrx xapaKTepl4crt4K KJrHMara e ra6r.
irrpraBeAeHbrycpeAHeHHlIe 3HaqeHI{t xoetp$raqIEeHTa yBJIzDKHeHIIII.CryAenrrr orMeqaro:r ua 6raurtoeofi napre 3HaqeHl4.trKy am raNAofinoqgeHuoft 3oHbI It [oA3oHbI I,I oIIeHHBaIor ero pI3MeHeHHeor ryHApbIgo cy6rponuxor.3. CocraereHr.Ie Kaprbl noqBenHlrx 3oH I{ JrereHAu r nefi. CryaenTbr AoJrlKHErycraHoBl{Tb, KaKat rloqBa s raxAoft :oHe (N nog:one) xnIroqBeHHbIx Kap! cryAeHTbIr.fiercs gonamnofi. Ilorssyrcr JIeTeHAaMHnog6aparcrr rrBgra, o6rqenpnuxrble Art 3THx IroqB, I{ oKpa[I]rBarcTK:DKAya 3or{y u rroA3ol{y qBeroM soHalruoft noiIBbI.B npoqecce co3AaHLIf rereHAbl K Kapre cryAeHTbI cocraBJlflrorcnacoK BbrAeJIeHHbIxIOLIBeHHbIX3OHIt nOA3OH,paCrIOJIaIagHX B xopr4rdc ceBepa Ha lor ro cneAyloqefi Qoplre:f]I3oHa apKruqecKux norlB;| 3oHa ryHApoBbIX noqB;3OHA IIOII3OJIT{CTbIX__ll--ilOT{B :noA3oHa Dree-rIoA3oJII4crbD(norlB;nOqB.vT.
I.H paCKpaInUBaIorJIefeHAy IIBeTaMI,I3OHaJIbHbIX4. Onpe4ereHIae $oprr,rynbl cocraBa [oqBeHHoro noKpoBa. B npoqecce pa6mbl cryAeHTr'I 3HaKoMqrcf, co crpoeHueM noqBeHHoro rlo*KpoBa uayuaeuoft TeppI{TopHX, s o6ulrrx qeprax I*yqaror pasuoo6pa[oqBeHHbIMIt KapraMI4srle ero crpoeHnfi B pa3HbIX3oHax. flols:yrcspa3uoro uacurra6a u coAep)KaHueu 6lanrtonoft rcaprrt, cryAeHTbI .{e-l8nalor 3aKrIIoqeHHe o cocraBe rroqBeFlHoro noKpoBa raNlofr 3oHbr r{rroA3oHbl, onpeAen.rrror,KaKr{e iloirBbr, KpoMe soualruoft, B ee rrpeAeJrax Bcrpeqarorc.g.
CocraB noqBerrHoro noKpoBa cryAeHTbI orpDK:lrorB Br.rAe$oplrylsr, rAe cHaqana nnrrrercfl HHAeKcgoHaJrHoft Eor{Bbt, ae cxo6Kax - rrHAeKcbr Bcex ilorrB, Bcrpeqamqlrxc.s Ha reppnTopal.{AanHoft 3oHbr r{Jrr4noA3oHbr. (Doprr,rpra3arrr{c6rBaerc-xHefiocpeAcrBer{Ho Ha Kapre, B npeAeJrax coorBercrBlrorqefi sourr r,rJrr4rroA3orru. Hsnovn6epyrcflu3JrereHAbr,noMer{eHnofiHa6raHrcosoftKapre,AeKcbrHanprlMep: flr, fI, ,{rc, flna H r.
A.flocre fiparclaqecxrax saHs'rnft peKoMeH4/erca o6cy4arr B rpynneponr SaxropoB norrBoo6pa:oeanua H ocHoBFrrre3aKoHoMepHocrrdreorpa$na rrorrB r{a naHHoft Teppnropr{n.2. MOPOOJIO|P{IIECKA'IXAPAKTEPI{CTI4KA ilOI{Bupo$unr2. 1. Mop$oreHerprqecrcHfiJ[o6oe xccJreAoBaHr{e[oqB Halrur{aercsc paccMorpeHaflrloqBeHHoro npoSranx,Ha6lro4aeuoro o6uquo EraBeprr{KaJrbHbrxcreHKzlxB cnepa3pe3ax(nryp$*, xrvrax)rnydxnofi 0,5-2,0 urrr4aJrbHoBbrKonaHr{brxu 6onee,HrH e o6HalKeH[nx,KapbepaqKaHaBrx.flpu 6onsurofisrccnouupoeaxnofi BeprvKanbnoft rroulnocru Mo)KHorrpocJreAr.rrborJIlItIIitlprrxrofi HJrxrrJrorHoftuarepnucrofinpoQum noqBbror HlDKeJrexraJ{eftno uoqxocru (e4rarropoAbr.llpo$rutl noqBbrcocrorrr rr3 pasJrraqHbrxreneuvecxgxKaKrruqbl I{ AecrrKr{ cu)ropI43oHTOB, rrpaBr4lro,c nocre[eHHbrMrrnepexoAaMnMex,q/ HrrMp{.lopnsormrr iloqBeHHoronpo$nnrTecHo cB.rl3aHbrApyr c ApyfoM B cBoeMrrpoucxox4eHKvr,a TapKe coBceMKoMrrJreKcoMQaxroponnounoo6pasotsaHur.floqseHHrrft npoQunr npeAcraBJlrerco6oft coBoKynHocmrdsernrrecKrp(roppr3olrroB,BbrAe;ueMbrxno BHeuTHHM(uop $o.uorirvecruu)npr/I3HaKaM.OnpegeneHurru xou6NHarIlItM Salrropor nouaoo6pa:oBaHr,rrrorBer{aar r4 onpeAeneHHlrenaopQofeHerul{ecxuenpoQnlurroqB,nogroMy KaxAoMyrH[y [orrB coorBercrByer oco6oe crpoeHr4enoqBeHHoronpoifunx.KaNarrft noqeeuHtrfi ropH3oHTr{Meer 6yxeeuuo-qufpoeofi nngenc.
Hau6onee paclpocrpaHeHa crlcreMa o6ossaqerua{ropH3oHToBJrarr4HcKHMH6yxnauraA, B, C B coqerar{r4prc npoirucurruu 6yrnaua,KaKpyccKrrMn,TaKH raruHcxwMu(nogcrpouHbrMrrH HaAcrpoqHsrua),KOTOpbrerrpH3HaKHropH3oHToBXapaKrepH3yroTAorrorrHHTeJrbHbre(flpmoxcenNe 1).Ha norepxnocrr{ iloqBblB ecrecrBeHHblxycJIoBHflxo6uqno Jre)Kr4TocrarKoBpa3opfaHofeHHufiropr.lso:r1cocrosrqnfi H3pacrr{TeJrbHbrxrroft crenenu pa3roreHHocrr,r.llog 4peeecuoft pacrurerbr{ocrbio r43onaAaJrucrbeB,xBoI4,BeroKo6pasyercr rrecHat nodcmuryr<a.I4g.{ercc203Toro opranorerrHofo iopu:oHra - A0. TaxuM )r(eHFrAeKcouo6oanaqaerc.fiorraATpaBflHxcrr,rxpacreuuft - cmenuoil eoilnot<-OprauorenHbrefoplr3osrrr 6onornbrx IroqB,cocTorrrlr4era: cla6opasJrolxr,rBrrrprxcln pacrr4Te:rbHbrxocrarKoB, Hocsr Ha3BaHHeoveca (O).
tlogTpaBfirrlicrbruuQnroueno3aMu("rryroesrnrnH crenHbrMr4)c uoqnumuKopHeBbrMraeacreMaMr{ Bepxurr{ qacrb MuHepaJrbHorocy6crpara(3-10 cu) HacbrureHaKopnsMr{,ynrorHeHa r{ cBs3aHaxnall. Sror ropIl:oHT - AepHr4Ha(Alr) - BbrAeJrflercffn npoSune troqBKaKcaMocroqreruHrrfi.flog opraHoreHubrMu[opr43oHTaMH trrvr.4epnuuofi 3aneraet eyMycoewil fopH3oHT (oprauo-nnunepal*iufi), Noropufi o6osHa.{aerc.sraHAeKcoMA1. On $opnanpyercs B pe3yJrbrarertpoqecca ryMycouaKorrJreHr{ru xapaxTepu3yercroxpacxofr sepbrxrouoB pa:uofi HHTeHcr.rBHocra,xouroearoft ilnH KoMnoBaro-3epHr4croficrpyrcypofi .3nnewaJrauw*ropusonr A.2 npficyrq nper4MyllecrBeHHoJrecHbrMnoA3onzcrblMIror{BaM,BbrIenflerc.trB [oqBeI{HoMnpo$u.ne eanaoficserrofi onpacnofi, uenpouuofi rr,rur:qarofi r4lturr{sroBarofi crpyrrypofr.Llmpeua"u'Hbrerapv3arrrbrMoryr 6rnr rercrypHbrMr4(8,), xene3r,rcro-ryMycoBbiMrz(tsm..), xap6onarnurvra (Br), coJroHLIoBbrMr4(BtN9 r{ ApyrHMH.OnH ssrsrorcs pe3ynbraroMnpi4BHocaBeurecrBH3BepxHr{xropH3oHToB.Ilnnweuanuuatilmexcmypuutilropusaxr (B) npucyq noueanr,$opMuplrou{prMcrrJraBHbrMo6pasou noA lecnofi pacrr{T€nbHocmo.
OnxapaKrepu3ysrcqreMHo-6ypofta.riu6ypofi orpacxofi, 6olsruoft nlorHoiT6ro, 6oree rx;KeJIbrMfpar{yJloMerplaqecKr{McocraBoM, xopoiloBbrpilKelrHofiopexonaroit ur;'u opexoBaro-nprtMarr,rqecroficrpyrrypofi, uaruur{eM TeMHbrxopraHo-MlrnepanbHblxilJIeHoKFro rpaHgMcrpyr{rypHbrx orAe;rsnocreft .I'InaneueJraaatil crcenesucmo-zylvtycoeaitropu:oHr (B6p") qaqeBcrper{aercf,B rrecqaHbrxnoqBax;BLrAerr.rrscr6ypo-ropuuHeBbrMrrBe.TOM H HepeAKO - CTIeMeHTHpOBaHHOCTbTO"I'Itntoeuanouwil conouqoett{t ropusour (BrNa). Os rax:lce oxparxeHB TeMHbreroHa a BbrAenrrercs cneqn$uuecnofi cro.n6qaroft crpyKrypofi, or{eul bolrruofi rrJlorrlocrblo cJIo)KeHI,Ig.Pa:nur: B HeKoropblxrroqB€tx3acylrJJruBbrxo6racreft .I,Innroe uattuuait xap 6 o ruamu uil foprd3oHT (8.).
OcHonuoft nlop$ororra.{ecKr.rfi npH3HaK,xapaKTepa3yroulufi ero, - oSan*roe cKorrlreHr.repa3HErx $opu rap6oHarHbrx noeoo6pasoeanuft.l lflo4 ropnsonrou B pacholoxeHa HeH3MerreHHarflpoqeccaMn noqnoo6parosanut noveoo1pasyw4at,wrkr MxrepprHcKa:r, [opoAa (ropusorr C). Ecmz mome rpaHprrrbr rroqBeHuoro npo$lnrr Jre)KHTrropoAa, ornuqarorqzuc.fl or noqnoo6pa:yrou1eft rro Jrr,rroJronrrecKraM ceoftcrnann,oHa Hocr4TH€BBaHr.renodcmwwntqeilu HHAeKcupyercx 6ynnoft D.Ilouurrlo ocHoBHhrx feHeTprqecKHx ropH3oHToe n npo$me IIoqBqacro BbrAeJlfiIorc.f, nepexoAnble foprl3oHTbr, coBMelr{arcnlrae csoftcreaBbrIIIe- 14HTDK9JIe)KarrIHXrOpr43OHTOBlr, COOTBeTCTBeHTTO,I,IHAeKCr,rpyeurre gnofiHbrMu r{HAeKcaura.HanpuMep, roprr3our:rr A1B"u, AIA2,BC"u Ia r.
g.flpn onucaur{r,r [oqBeHHoro npo$unr xeo6xo.4rauo Srarcnpoearsoco6essocra nepexoAa oAHofo reHerr4qecKoro ropu3oHTa e gpyrofi u$oprran rpaHHrI MexA/ HlrMH. flprz 4ocraroqso dolunofi nlor4uocrunepexognofi 3oHbr (6onee 5 cu) H 3arpyAHeHr,ruB orrpeAeJrenr4r4noJro)KeHr{rrrpaHarlbr xaparcep [epexoAa Ha3brBaerc.[nocmeneHHbta.