Ответы на вопросы из коллекции "🎓 Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции 🎓"

Hammurabi’s Code contains …

• · laws of nature

• · the list of judges

• · fundamental legal concepts

The Product Liability … of 1985 was the first consumer protection measure

The defendant had voluntarily consumed drugs to calm his nerves. Under the influence of the drugs, he had started shooting in the cottage in which he had been living, but claimed to have been unable to remember anything after taking the drugs. The defendant was convicted of causing criminal damage being reckless as to whether life would be endangered, following the trial judge’s direction to the jury that self-induced intoxication was not available by way of defence to a basic intent crime. The defendant appealed. What is the Court’s decision?

• · The conviction was quashed on appeal on the grounds that he could not be expected to anticipate that drugs would have that effect upon him

• · The conviction was not quashed on appeal on the grounds that he could have expected that dangerous drugs would have that effect upon him

• · The conviction was quashed on appeal on the grounds that he could be expected to anticipate that drugs would have that effect upon him

The distinction between Public and Private Law is a purely academic debate, nevertheless, it also affects legal practice. There are areas of law, which may not fit into distinction of Public or Private Law. Study the following case: An employment inspector investigates workplace safety, checking all the equipment. The inspector investigates workplace incidents, and conducts workplace inspections to evaluate compliance. Decide whether it falls into the category of Public or Private law.

• · It falls in the category of Private law as considers the interests of the individuals

• · It falls in the category of Public law as considers the interests of the society

• · It falls in the category of Public and Private law as considers the interest of the society and the individuals

You are a lawyer. In Liza’s electronics shop in the Russia Federation Ivan buys an expensive TV-set. Three weeks after the 12-month manufacturer’s warranty expires, the TV-set stops working. Must Liza give Ivan a remedy?

• · Yes, she must. Although the warranty has expired, a customer can expect an expensive product to last a reasonable amount of time before any faults or problems appear

• · No, she doesn’t have to. The warranty has expired, a customer can’t expect any remedies

• · It depends on the defect. Ivan is entitled to a free TV-set examination

… secure guiding liberties and rights from the unreasonable intrusions by persons, organizations, or government

• · Constitutions

• · Treaties

• · Customs

Arrange the sources of law according to their importance (start with the most important one):

• 1 Constitution

• 2 Statutes

• 3 Government Regulations

• 4 Ministerial regulations

• 5 Ordinances

Civil claims are dealt with by … law

• · criminal

• · constitutional

• · tort

Correlate the branch of law with regulated legal relationship:

• A. Administrative law

• B. Criminal law

• C. Constitutional law

• D. Municipal law

• E. corruption

• F. burglary

• G. rights

• H. education policies

It is not correct that … are a capacity

• · rights

• · powers

• · immunities

• · services

Mercantile Law is …

• · a system of law concerned with the punishment of offenders

• · a system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community

• · an assemblage of customs and practices governing a broad range of business practices

Mercantile law was created in … to deal with interactions between merchants, and continues to change over time due to legislative changes, case law, and long-term trends in usage

The … considered the Twelve Tables, the first codification of Roman law, to be among their greatest achievements

• · Greeks

• · Romans

• · Egyptians

The … of law comprises a number of principles of a formal and procedural character, addressing the way in which a community is governed

The … of the State Council fulfil their responsibilities independently.

The Courts are to …

• · punish

• · make procedural rules

• · apply the laws of the country

The elements to ensure legal capacities and liabilities include …

• · law enforcement

• · rules of legal procedure

• · moral rules

The idea of written laws goes back to ancient … culture that prospered long before the Bible was written or the civilizations of the Greeks or Romans flowered

The oldest known evidence of a law code is the …

• · Bible

• · Ebla tablets

• · Hammurabi’s Code

The system of rules which regulates society is …

The very first legislation known to history which affirmed the legal personhood of women is called the … of Hammurabi

There are various fields of law. The types of law students choose to pursue often determine the firms they can apply to once they graduate. Here’s a case that can be attributed to one field of law: a golf player known for his speed and elusiveness murdered his wie. Is it public law or private law? What is the area of law? Who will initiate the case?

• · This is public law as it governs relations between legal persons and the government. The area of law is Criminal law as the case is the murder. In such a case it will be a prosecutor who will initiate the case. A prosecutor is the government attorney who charges and tries cases against individuals accused of crimes

• · This is private law as it governs relations between law governs the horizontal relationships among private parties. The area of law is Criminal law as the case is the murder. In such a case it will be a prosecutor who will initiate the case. A prosecutor is the government attorney who charges and tries cases against individuals accused of crimes

• · This is public law as it governs relations between legal persons and a government. The area of law is Constitutional law as the case is the murder. In such a case it will be a prosecutor who will initiate the case. A prosecutor is the government attorney who charges and tries cases against individuals accused of crimes

… are supposed to be reflected in law as law should be based on what society sees as acceptable, fair, just

• · Values

• · Laws

• · Rules

… is defined as freedom from inner conflict

• · Inner anxiety

• · Inner harmony

• · Inner control

• · Inner beliefs

… values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime

• · Legal

• · Terminal

• · Final

… values are the highest values in a person’s value system

• · Moral

• · Legal

• · Terminal

• · Instrumenta

… values are the values that are often used

• · Moral

• · Legal

• · Terminal

• · Instrumental

A comprehensive legal term that describes the condition of being actually or potentially subject to a legal obligation is …

A set of principles established by the founders of the organization to communicate its underlying moral values are called … standards

A synonym for light-hearted and joyful is …

• · cheerful

• · respectful

• · sincere

• · restrained

​​​​Adultery is a voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than that person's current spouse or partner. The Code of Hammurabi in Babylonia provided a punishment of death by drowning for adultery. In ancient Greece and in Roman law, an offending female spouse could be killed, but men were not severely punished. Study the following case: “The husband alleged that he saw his wife talking with another person on three occasions”. What’s the difference between “ethical” and “legal”? Does the case deal with Russian/English criminal law?

• · Ethics is the word used to define anything that concerns the law or its workings. On the other hand, legal is the word used to define the traditional norms and morals of an individual. The following case is not regarded as criminal according to Russian / English criminal law. Adultery is an issue of ethics

• · Legal is the word used to define anything that concerns the law or its workings. On the other hand, ethics is the word used to define the traditional norms and morals of an individual. The following case is regarded as criminal according to Russian / English criminal law

• · Legal is the word used to define anything that concerns the law or its workings. On the other hand, ethics is the word used to define the traditional norms and morals of an individual. The following case is not regarded as criminal according to Russian / English criminal law. Adultery is an issue of ethics

Arrange the needs according to Dr. Abraham Maslow starting from the basic ones:

• 1 Physical

• 2 Security

• 4 Social

• 4 Ego

• 5 Self-actualization

As a member of a profession dedicated to the service of clients, a … should be committed to the values

Basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions are …

• · values

• · legal rules

• · judicial practices

Both terminal and … values affect people’s personal as well as professional lives alike

It is not correct that … belong to instrumental values

• · true friendship values (close companionship)

• · broad-minded values (open-minded)

• · logical values (consistent, rational)

• · courageous values (standing up for your beliefs)

Match the given expressions with the definitions:

• A. Morality

• B. Value

• C. Liability

• D. Ethics

• E. principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour

• F. the estimated or appraised worth of any object or property, calculated in money

• G. a comprehensive legal term that describes the condition of being actually or potentially subject to a legal obligation

• H. the process of questioning, discovering and defending values, principles and purpose

Milton Rokeach defines values as enduring beliefs that … are preferred

• · modes of conduct or values that are end-states of existence

• · rules or values that are end-states of existence

• · modes of conduct or inner beliefs

Some scholars don’t distinguish between morals and …

The ethical norms, values, and principles that guide a profession and the ethics of decisions made within the profession are called … ethics

The principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour are …

Values are frequently regarded as “enduring …” that are stable and reflect the way the decisions are made.

Values are practical based on the previous …, usually of several generations

… is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in the marketplace

• · Consumer protection

• · Labour protection

• · Contract law

A claim for damage caused to health, life or property may be brought against a … (either seller or executor) at the consumer’s discretion

Consumer protection ensures that … make well-informed decisions about their choices and have access to effective redress mechanisms

• · employers

• · consumers

• · workers

Establish the sequence of actions to make a return request:

• 1 verify if the return date has not expired

• 2 create a request to return a product

• 3 specify the reason for the return

• 4 attach an image of the product to the request

• 5 enter your bank card details

If a product fails to comply with its description or the regulations regarding production or labelling, it is considered to be ‘…’ for the purposes of this provision, thus subjecting the defendant to liability

If an individual does not meet the required definition (e.g., an individual entrepreneur, who buys goods in the course of his business), he is not subject to the Consumer … Law

It is not correct that legal doctrine is also recognized as a … of law

• · rule

• · source

• · norm

Match the words with their synonyms:

• A. Consumer

• B. Purchase

• C. Product

• D. Manufacturer

• E. Importer

• F. purchaser

• G. acquisition

• H. merchandise

• I. producer

• J. foreign buyer

Product … in Russia is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Civil Code) and the Law “On Consumer Protection” dated 7 February 1992 (the Consumer Protection Law)

• · liability

• · duty

• · tax

Product liability in Russia is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Civil Code) and the Law ‘On Consumer Protection’ dated 7 February … (the Consumer Protection Law)

Products must be recalled when …

• · there are some cases resulting in the bad products

• · there is an official prescription from the local authorities

• · a manufacturer becomes aware of any risks of its products to the life of a consumer

Russia belongs to …

• · Mixed legal system

• · Common law system

• · Customary law system

• · Civil law system

The … Code and the Consumer Protection Law contain a number of provisions by which manufacturers may incur liability for loss or damage suffered by the consumers of their products, regardless of whether or not a direct contractual relationship exists

• · Criminal

• · Civil

• · Administrative

The … is an individual who has the intention of ordering or acquiring goods (works, services) or who orders, acquires or uses them exclusively for personal, family, household and other needs not relating to the pursuance of entrepreneurial activities

The … is an organization regardless of its organisational and legal form and also an individual entrepreneur who performs works or renders services to consumers under a cost contract

The … is an organization, regardless of its organisational and legal form, and also an individual entrepreneur who perform works or render services to the consumers on the chargeable agreement

The … is an organization, regardless of its organisational and legal form, and also an individual entrepreneur who sells goods to consumers under a sale contract

The basic feature of the Russian legislation regulating product liability is …

• · pro-seller orientation

• · pro-consumer orientation

• · compensation

• · consumer and seller orientation

The manufacturer (but not the seller) must compensate the … against losses suffered as a result of the product’s recall

The product can be recalled from the market and from consumers by …

• · manufacturer

• · client

• · buyer

You are a lawyer. Your client is Tatyana who bought boots in the shop 35 days ago. Yesterday she found out that her boots had a hole. She wants to have her money back as she states that it was a defective product. Can she return goods after 14 days of the purchase? Does she need to have a receipt? Who should pay for the expertise?

• · Yes, she can have a refund even after 14 days if it is proven that the goods were defective. If there is no receipt, the refund is not allowed. Tatyana needs to send the goods to the retailer. The company sends the defective goods for the expertise

• · Yes, she can have a refund even after 14 days if it is proven that the goods were defective. If there is no receipt, the refund is allowed after receiving the copy of the receipt. Tatyana needs to send the goods to the retailer. The company sends the defective goods for the expertise

• · Yes, she can have a refund even after 14 days if it is proven that the goods were defective. If there is no receipt, the refund is allowed after receiving the copy of the receipt. It’s the customer’s duty to send the defective goods for the expertise

Antique shop owner Mary uses a courier service to ship a set of china to John. The china set gets broken during delivery. You are a lawyer. Advise Mary as to her liability. Who will be responsible for fixing the problem?

• · Mary will be responsible for fixing the problem. She must make sure products aren’t damaged. This also applies to deliveries. Mary may be able to seek compensation from the courier

• · John will be responsible for fixing the problem. He has already bought the china set, so it’s up to him to solve all the related issues

• · Courier service will be responsible for fixing the problem. After the goods were shipped that is courier service’s responsibility to deliver them

Arrange the following consumer acts chronologically:

• 1 The ‘Lex Julia de Annona’ statute

• 2 The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

• 3 Telephone consumer protection act

• 4 Electronic Commerce

Consumer protection laws and actions had a rapid growth in the …

• · 1970s

• · 1920s

• · 1950s

Consumer protection laws safeguard … of goods and services against defective products and deceptive, fraudulent business practices

• · purchasers

• · lawyers

• · employers

Consumer Protection Laws specific to … commerce provides the regulation and oversight of the integrity of products and services offered within a virtual marketplace

Consumer Protection within the computer age prevents from the defrauding of consumers engaging within the … marketplace upon regulating the methods and activities of electronic commerce and transactions

Consumers face high cost and time barriers to taking action against a business, resulting in low usage of consumer …

Historically, under the common law doctrine of caveat emptor, … had very little protection from misleading sales, requiring consumers to inspect all transactions themselves

• · retailers

• · sellers

• · consumers

If you buy something online and it is … or not as advertised or not fit for purpose you will have exactly the same rights as if you bought it in a shop.

• · poor

• · faulty

• · gloomy

Match the words with the synonyms:

• A. Protection

• B. Trade

• C. Union

• D. Economy

• E. Advertisement

• F. safeguarding

• G. commerce

• H. association

• I. wealth

• J. commercial

Reading … reviews can tell you more about a company or product

• · customer

• · merchant

• · trade retailer

The … and anti-monopoly laws passed both at the close of the 19th century, as well as the early years of the 20th century disallowed for the commercial monopolization of the commercial market for the first time in conjunction with recorded and mandated legislature within the United States

The “cooling off” period available to consumers who change their minds about goods they've bought from a retailer in Russia takes …

• · 24 hours

• · 14 days

• · 1 month

The agency responsible for inspecting complaints of scams and fraud against businesses is …

• · Federal government

• · Federal Trade Commission

• · State local Agency

The aim of the … is to share information about cross-border commercial activities that may affect consumer interests, and to encourage international cooperation among law enforcement agencies

The earliest Consumer Protection law was …

• · ‘Lex Julia de Flavio’ statute

• · ‘Lex Julia de Annona’ statute

• · ‘Lex Julia de Rigione’ statute

The Federal Trade … works with foreign competition and consumer protection authority, and cooperates with foreign authorities on enforcement and policy matters through formal and informal agreements

The Federal Trade Commission’s mission is to protect consumers and promote …

Match the words with the synonyms:

A. Disclosure

B. Constitutionality

C. Representation

D. Division

E. Referendum

F. discovery

G. due process

H. delegation

I. separation

J. election

The Romans conceived of the all-encompassing … law of nature as the eternal framework to which constitutions, laws, and policies should conform – the constitution of the universe

• · Rational

• · Irrational

• · Generalized

The following types of constitutions are distinguished: …

• · oral and written

• · written and unwritten

• · new and old

The Constitution is the supreme law of the country. Imagine if you were asked to create you student groups’ Constitution. What would it contain?

• · The preamble and amendments to protect the rights of the citizens. It will list the rights and freedoms of man and citizen such as freedom of walking, press, assembly, media freedom

• · The preamble, articles, and amendments to protect the rights of the citizens. It will list the rights and freedoms of man and citizen such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, media freedom

• · The preamble, articles, and amendments to protect the rights of the citizens. It will list the rights and freedoms of man and citizen such as freedom of playing video games, press, assembly, media freedom

The Constitution is …

• · the body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state

• · a written or printed paper that gives information about or proof of something

• · the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws

The basic law of the state, which describes the structures and processes of government and the fundamental rights of citizens in a higher law that cannot be unilaterally changed by an ordinary legislative act is called the …

The … of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America

States that have a written … may also have a body of traditional or customary practices that may or may not be considered to be of constitutional standing

• · Constitution

• · Policy

• · law

Social … theory says that people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior

Roman law generally recognized …

• · a basic equity among all humans

• · an inequality among all humans

• · a basic equality among all humans

Roman law added to Aristotelian notions of constitutionalism … (choose 2 correct answers)

• · a generalized equality

• · a universal wisdom

• · a hierarchy of types of laws

• · a generalized equity

… regarded the mixed constitution as the best arrangement of offices in the polis

• · The Stoics

• · Johne Locke

• · Aristotle

A … is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue

A … government is one whose powers have been adapted to the interests of its people and to the maintenance of individual liberty

A constitutional … is a government in which the people vote for representatives or laws, and in which the laws are authorized and constrained by a constitution