Ответы на вопросы из коллекции "Университет «Синергия» Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (Темы 1-6 Итоговый тест)"

Charge carriers from both polarities are involved in the operation of … transistors

… integrated circuits are the name for the initial generations of commercially produced microelectronic devices (SSI)

Speaking about the development of the information society in Russia, I. N. Kurnosov writes that “the strategy for the formation of the information society in the transition period to a new system of property relations … take into account the special role and responsibility of the state”

• must
• should
• have to
• to have to

It … be noted that the problem of inequality in access to new information technologies is acute not only at the international level, but also at the micro level within each individual state

• must
• have to
• has to
• should

Information … must be viewed from two perspectives: as an independent industry, with its science, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities and as a basis for transformation of almost all areas of human activity

A process of spreading the use of digital technology such as computers and the internet to do something is called …

Arrange the computers in chronological order of their creation:

• 1 Mark 1
• 2 Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• 3 Z1
• 4 abacus
• 5 EDVAC

The OS-9 family of real-time operating systems has been in use for over 20 years, with more than 5 million installed copies. The range of OS-9 applications is wide – industrial automation, instrumental and measuring systems, military and space systems. Why has the OS-9 been so popular and widely used?

• Number of supported hardware platforms and the quality of that support; various development tools; advanced network facilities
• Unlimited number of tasks; it's the first commercial real-time OS designed for building highly reliable fault-tolerant systems
• Their protocol is not based on any of the common network protocols such as IPX or NetBios and has a number of qualities that make it unique; keeps specific hardware running smoothly

The first recognized use of the word “computer” was from 1613.What did the “computer” use to mean before this word started to refer to devices?

• It was used for people who have a high level of intelligence
• It was used for a device which helped ships to calculate their latitude at sea
• It was used for people who performed repetitive mathematical operations

Prior to the transistor’s discovery in 1947, the only way to execute amplification of a weak current in an electronic circuit was to use a vacuum tube. What were the initial advantages transistors demonstrated over small vacuum tubes?

• Transistors had longer lifespan, were smaller and many of them could be placed on a single chip
• Transistors were larger, while consuming far less power. They were more reliable
• Small vacuum tubes’ production cost was much higher. Tubes’ material turned out to be harmful for people’s skin

Most businesses don’t want to deal with non-core tasks, which include the IT infrastructure. And if it has to pay for a data center, it has to function at maximum efficiency. Crisis situations are exacerbating resource shortages. Enterprises are cutting IT budgets, investing less in long-term projects in general and in data centers in particular. It is impossible to abandon IT altogether – it is equal to giving up doing business, but phased financing and speed of commissioning come to the fore. What do today’s IT managers face while having limited budgetary resources to expand data centers?

• Task of providing more services to more users, meeting ever-increasing performance expectations, storing and managing exponentially increasing amounts of data, better protecting the network, and ensuring system stability
• Mail to be lost when using postal mail, and neither the sender nor the receiver would know where the letter was or whether it had been delivered
• They face a lot of challenges as “hundreds of billions of dollars are spent annually on mobile phones, electronic devices, computers, and other microelectronic products, spawning an entire industry that did not exist a decade ago”

Martin Timmerman formulated the necessary requirements for an RTOS. Two of them are about priorities. Why the combination of priorities is necessary?

• The RTS software is a fixed set of pre-developed modules, and the choice of a program for execution is carried out by interrupts (based on the current state of the object) or in accordance with the scheduled work schedule
• It is the opposite of “necessary”, as the combination of thread priorities can lead to problems such as priority inversion and deadlock
• RTOS needs to share resources. There are a lot of real-time process and system resources for their operation must be available in advance

In the 1960s and 1970s, microcomputers and minicomputers became available to businesses and individuals. Thanks to what technology did it become possible?

• This was made possible by the creation of integrated circuit
• This was made possible by the creation of macro chips
• This was made possible by the creation of 4-bit processor
• This was made possible by the creation of UNIVAC

Data access can be difficult due to many problems. Which of the following situations describes the documentation problem?

• I need your information now or I won't be able to use it. The data transfer process is too slow, possibly unavailable. Because you have an older system, the migration process is too slow and inefficient. I must have immediate access to your data; otherwise your data will not help me
• The systems are not connected to the same network. Your data is too inconvenient to download. When the systems are not on the same network, downloading data can be too inconvenient. The widespread use of the World Wide Web has reduced the number of problems in this area, but separate networks will always exist
• Users are not aware of specific data sets because your metadata is not published. When metadata is not widely available, users may not even know what data sets they need

Cryptography is the study of secure communications techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. What does a massive use of cryptography lead to?

• Among other things, it leads to protection of accounting for payment by subscribers of a digital communication channel
• It leads to the dissemination of obscene materials that pose a threat to the moral foundations of society, because people feel free when they can act anonymously, distribute, buy and sell illegal materials with low chance of tracing them
• It leads to a significant improvement of the identification of people by automatic machines when crossing the borders of states

Artificial intelligence is becoming more standardized, making it more accessible to a subject-matter expert who isn’t necessarily a knowledge engineering expert. What standards are becoming more common accessible and useful today?

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Remote Data Access (RDA)
• American National Admissions Institute (ANSI) Structured Join Language (SQL)
• Object Management Group (OMG) – Common Object Broker Architecture (CORBA)
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Web Ontology Language (OWL), Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, Win Interchange Format (KIF)

An information society is a society where the usage, creation, distribution, manipulation and integration of information is a significant activity. Which of the following statements is not true about the Information Society?

• The information society refers to the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes that have occurred as a result of the rapid development and extensive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in modern countries, particularly since World War II
• According to Professor W. Martin attempted to formulate the main characteristics of the information society according to the Social and Technological criteria
• The information society has been formed decades ago, and therefore has been widely studied from different angles; experts have reached the consensus regarding the “Information Society” term

A UNIX based operating system, was originally developed in the mid-’90s. Its major offerings include scalability, interoperability, data management and security, all of which are crucial for businesses that need high-end operating software. In addition to the above, it is also known for its web, database and Java-based services and its unlimited capacity for helping in managing file system and databases is a big plus as well. Which operating system is described:

• Solaris, which is known as Oracle Solaris since 2010 when Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems
• Ubuntu, built on the architecture and infrastructure of Debian
• Free BSD, developed in the University of California by a large community

A company deals with tasks which take a long time to complete. Each worker has their duties that can be done offline. It’s essential for managers to estimate how long a task will take to be completed. The company uses a time-sharing system and all the users are able to finish their work in the system at the same time. However they noticed their gadgets to slow down fast. Also the workers notice the inconvenience while managing large workloads. What may be causing these problems? What decision should the company make?

• The company wants to execute a lot of things at the same time, which is now impossible, so each worker needs to use different languages to get the job done. In their case the company should use Operating System
• Workers cannot send direct instructions to the complier to execute various activities since it is extremely difficult for the user to transform their request or instruction into one language. In their case the company should use Input/Output System
• The company uses a system that dedicates time to a certain activity and frequently switches between the computers, which is overloading while completing long tasks. In their case the company should use Batch System

W. Martin emphasizes the idea that … is “a key element of the information society”

Vacuum tubes were discovered to have a number of flaws, for example … (choose 3 correct answers)

• they produced very little of heat
• they took 1 to 2 minutes to warm up
• two similar tubes had varying output and operational properties
• they required high power supply voltages of 300 volts dc and higher

Until the 1800s “computers” were …

• simple calculating machines
• any automated devices in the household
• people who performed repetitive mathematical operations
• electronic machines that can store, organize and find information

Transferred data might contain some important …

• signs
• chains
• texts
• information

There are some of the potential disadvantages of distributed operating systems, for example … (choose 2 correct answers)

• they minimize the load on the host computer
• they require a high level of expertise to maintain
• they allow a faster exchange of data among users
• if the primary network fails, the entire system shuts down

There are some of the potential advantages of real-time operating systems, for example … (choose 2 correct answers)

• they use heavy system resources
• they allow easy allocation of memory
• they allow fast shifting from one task to another
• they run on complex algorithms that are not easy to understand

The unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities, money, etc. than other people is called …

• equality
• injustice
• inequality
• lawlessness

The transistor’s most significant advantage over the best vacuum tubes was that it consumed far …

• longer lifespan
• shorter lifespan
• big advantage
• small advantage

The transistor’s most significant advantage over the best vacuum tubes was that it …

• produced a lot of heat
• consumed far less power
• took 1 to 2 minutes to warm up
• were less reliable and had a shorter lifespan

The term “…” refers to the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes that have occurred as a result of the rapid development and extensive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in modern countries, particularly since World War II

The stage of society’s development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy is called … society

• industrial
• knowledge
• information
• post-industrial

The second most important direction for strengthening accounting policies in the information society is the massive use of …

• passports
• GPS signals
• GLONASS
• cryptography

The OS-9 family of real-time operating systems has been in use for over … years, with more than 5 million installed copies

• twenty
• thirty
• forty
• fifty

The observations that apply to a common … information system also apply to a certain extent to data warehouses and data mining

• integrated
• real-time
• distributed
• embedded

The network operating system, which allows users to copy files from …

• one station to another
• RAM to built-in memory
• RAM to Cloud memory
• a station to Cloud memory

The most significant worldwide danger is the rise in labor … when information technologies are implemented

The interrupt … is the time interval from an event on an object to the execution of the first instruction in the program for processing this event

The first operating system for the IBM 701 was created by …

• Apple
• Google
• Samsung
• General Motors

The first calculating device was …

The benefits of specialized RTOS include … (choose 2 correct answers)

• intolerance
• top performance
• long development time
• the greatest compactness

The author of The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (1962) is …

• Frank Webster
• Fritz Machlup
• William Martin
• Anatoly Ilyich Rakitov

The Apple Macintosh, a low-cost workstation that emerged from early Alto computer concepts, was released in …

• 1960
• 1984
• 1987
• 2001

The analytical engine was invented in …

• 1933
• 1833
• 1733
• 2022

The … transistor was conceived about 25 years before bipolar transistors, but mass production did not become feasible until the early 1960s

Talent, intellectual property, finance, and technical experience will always be in demand as the global economy is revolutionised by … technology

• old
• new
• great
• cool

RTOS are operating systems that are characterized by … (choose 3 correct answers)

• high level of readiness
• guaranteed response time
• unlimited memory resources
• low performance

Put today’s potential of automation in the USA according to McKinsey Global Institute from the lowest to the biggest:

• 1 education
• 2 health care and social service
• 3 retail and wholesale trade, transportation
• 4 technologies, media and telecommunications abacus
• 5 hotel and restaurant business

Put the number of Internet users worldwide from the smallest to the largest:

• 1 South Africa
• 2 Russia
• 3 China
• 4 the USA

Match the units of data measurement with their characteristics:

• A. Bit
• B. Kilobyte (kb)
• C. Gigabyte (Gb)
• D. is the smallest unit of measurement
• E. is approximately 1000 bytes, or the equivalent of 1000 characters
• F. is approximately 1000 Mb, or the equivalent of one billion characters

Match the terms and definitions:

• A. Multi-core processor
• B. Capacitor
• B. Capacitor
• D. an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon
• D. an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon
• E. a computer processor on a single integrated circuit with two or more separate processing units, called cores, each of which reads and executes program instructions
• F. a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals

Match the terms and definitions:

• A. Watt
• B. Voltage
• C. Nanoelectronics
• D. a unit of power or radiant flux
• E. the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between the two points
• F. the use of nanotechnology in electronic components

Match the sentences and the missing word combinations in them:

• A. The application of nanotechnology on electronic components, particularly transistors, …
• B. As a result, even if current transistors are created using 65 nm or 45 nm technology, …
• C. …, rapid technology advancement has produced a plethora of new and exciting options
• D. At the same time, …, despite varying recessions
• E. is referred to as nanoelectronics
• F. they fall under this group
• G. rather than killing jobs
• H. output has increased

Match the sentence with the time it was written:

• A. BINAC and EDSAC were notable early stored-program electronic digital computers
• B. Until now, there hasn’t been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms
• C. Developers have been trying to find a solution to this problem since the last century but still haven’t found one
• D. Nowadays many smartphones have faster processor speeds and more memory than desktop PCs
• E. Past Simple
• F. Present Perfect
• G. Present Perfect Continuous
• H. Present Simple

Match the sentence to the tense in which it is written:

• A. Android OS is primarily written in Java (UI), C (core), and C , and is designed for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets
• B. In 2014, Android apps were made available on Chrome OS
• C. The most recent long-term support release is 20.10 (Groovy Gorilla), which will be supported for 9 months
• D. Each version of Android has been given a code name that is confectionery-themed and in alphabetical sequence
• E. Present Simple Passive
• F. Past Simple Passive
• G. Future Simple Passive
• H. Present Perfect Passive

Match the people and the terms they put in use:

• A. Fritz Machlup
• B. Professor W. William Martin
• C. Nikon Kurnosov
• D. “knowledge workers”
• E. “developed post-industrial society”
• F. “the information society”

Match the parts of the sentences:

• A. Demand for programmers is already outstripping supply, …
• B. Because the employee is working from home, …
• C. The recipient, in turn, receives this email in a matter of minutes, and if there is a problem, …
• D. Microelectronics and nanoelectronics advancements affect not just the amount of employment available in industrial countries, …
• E. …and some analysts believe that this shortfall will limit computer usage development in the next few years
• F. …but also, the kind of professions accessible
• G. …the system instantly alerts the sender that a communication has failed and that he must resend it
• H. …the company’s electricity expenditures will be reduced, and the employee will be more comfortable working from home

Match the concepts with their characteristics:

• A. The interrupt latency
• B. Task response time
• C. Context switch time
• D. Scheduling latency
• E. the time interval from an event on an object to the execution of the first instruction in the program for processing this event
• F. the time interval from the moment a physical interrupt occurs to the start of execution of the first instruction of the user task to which the interrupt is intended
• G. the time interval from the end of the execution of the last instruction of one process (thread) to the start of the execution of the first instruction of the next process (thread)
• H. the time interval from the end of the execution of the last user interrupt handler instruction to the execution of the first instruction of the process that entered the state due to this interrupt

Match the components of QNX with their characteristics:

• A. Microkernel
• B. Process manager
• C. Device manager
• D. Network manager
• E. it is protected by several layers of protection
• F. a bottleneck in most operating systems and usually creates significant problems for RTOS
• G. a type of system process that keeps specific hardware running smoothly
• H. responsible for creating and deleting processes, memory management, timers and coprocessor emulation, and diagnostics

Match the approaches to understanding the information society and their authors:

• A. W. Martin
• B. Rakitov
• C. N. Kurnosov
• D. the information society is understood as a «developed post-industrial society» that arose primarily in the West
• E. the transition to the information society means that the most important product of social activity is the production, operation and use of services and knowledge, and the share of knowledge in this combination is increasing
• F. the information society is dominated by remote communications, remote work and leisure; new relations are formed between people in the process of production and social activity

Match the abbreviations and transcripts:

• A. ICTs
• B. AI
• C. GDP
• D. information and communication technologies
• E. artificial intelligence
• F. gross domestic product

Match computers to their creators:

• A. Mark 1
• B. Pascaline
• C. Napier’s bones
• D. Personal computer
• E. Howard Aikien
• F. Blaise Pascal
• G. John Napier
• H. IBM

International Business Machine’s first mass-produced electronic stored-program … was IBM

Information management is an important part of knowledge-oriented businesses in the … century

• 18th
• 19th
• 20th
• 21th

In November 1985, Microsoft released … – computer operating system

In 1944 Howard Aiken developed … l that could perform calculations involving large numbers

In 1936, Alan Turing invented a universal machine, which was later called the …

In 1837, … designed a general-purpose computing device, called the analytical engine

• Charles Babbage
• James Powers
• Vannevar Bush
• William Seward Burrough

If you have an old system, the running process will be too … and inefficient

• fast
• slow
• clear
• unpredictable

Harvard Mark I is …

• a punched wooden card
• a mechanical-digital computer
• a fully automatic computing machine
• an automatic sequence controlled calculator

For the past … years, the design of computer processors has remained stable

• 20
• 30
• 40
• 50

Establish a correspondence between the concept and the definition:

• A. Standards
• B. Legacy systems
• C. Data aggregation
• D. Scalability
• E. it is a difficulty that develops when a solution that works for a small data set fails to function for a much larger data set due to a combinatorial explosion, such as in comparands
• F. they promote inter-service interoperability, meaning exchanging and making use of information, and interoperability between various component systems within the same service
• G. it is the process of combining data from multiple sources into a single system or in close proximity to one another, such as on a display, so that the user may access them from a single platform
• H. it is any system you have, they contain corporate knowledge

Establish a correspondence between the abbreviation and the definition:

• A. ISO
• B. CORBA
• C. XML
• D. SQL
• E. International Standards Organization
• F. Common Object Request Broker Architecture
• G. Extensible Markup Language
• H. Structured Query Language

Establish a correspondence between RTOS and their types:

• A. RTOS types by software development method
• B. RTOS types by origin
• C. Types of RTOS by internal structure
• D. host-target RTOS
• E. object-oriented type
• F. “regular” OS

Demand for programmers is already outstripping supply, and some analysts believe that this shortfall will limit … usage development in the next few years

Debian is a pre-compiled software that has over … packages and is based on the Linux kernel

• 59 000
• 100 000
• 200 500
• 347 000

Data … is the process of combining data from multiple sources into a single system or in close proximity to one another, such as on a display, so that the user may access them from a single platform

• access policy
• access issue
• aggregation
• scalability

Correlate the generations of computers with their descriptions:

• A. Computers of the First Generation
• B. Computers of a New Generation
• C. Computers of the Third Generation
• D. Computers of the Fourth Generation
• E. huge machines capable of conducting numerical calculations
• F. computers were mostly utilized for scientific and technical calculations, with FORTRAN and assembly code being the most used programming languages
• G. the machines shared the same architecture and instruction set, programs created for one could be run on the other
• H. computers with Large Scale Integration Circuits (LSI) and silicon chips with thousands of transistors

Context switch time is the time interval from …

• an event on an object to the execution of the first instruction in the program for processing this event
• the moment a physical interrupt occurs to the start of execution of the first instruction of the user task to which the interrupt is intended
• the end of the execution of the last instruction of one process (thread) to the start of the execution of the first instruction of the next process (thread)
• the end of the execution of the last user interrupt handler instruction to the execution of the first instruction of the process that entered the state due to this interrupt

Chrome OS is another Linux kernel-based operating system created by …

Cell phones are digital, it was the transition to digital that made it possible to provide everyone with communication channels, but without … in SIM cards, cellular communications could not become mass

Cell phones are …, making it possible to provide everyone with communication channels

Bell Telephone Laboratories’ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley devised the … in 1948

• vacuum tube
• bipolar transistor
• field-effect transistor
• insulated-gate bipolar transistor

Arrange the states of tasks in typical RTOS designs in chronological order:

• 1 running (executing on the CPU)
• 2 ready (ready to be executed)
• 3 blocked (waiting for an event, I/O for example)

Arrange the stages of the development of the internet in chronological order:

• 1 the first connection between Stanford and UCLA organisers, the emergence of ARPANET
• 2 creation of Ethernet – the first local communication
• 3 the first spam appeared; the first unsolicited email was sent, reaching 600 ARPANET users
• 4 Tim Berners-Lee creates the first web page aimed at explaining what the World Wide Web is

Arrange the operating systems in descending order of popularity in 2022 (according to website StatCounter GlobalStats):

• 1 Microsoft Windows
• 2 Apple Inc’s macOS
• 3 Chrome OS
• 4 Linux

Arrange the microelectronics in chronological order of their creation:

• 1SSI
• 2 MSI
• 3 ALU
• 4 LSI
• 5 VLSI

Arrange the microelectronics in chronological order of their creation:

• 1 vacuum tube
• 2 bipolar transistor
• 3 MOSFET
• 4 SSI
• 5 MSI

Arrange the inventions chronologically:

• 1The Stepped Reckoner
• 2 Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• 3 Mark II
• 4 UNIVAC

Another name for bipolar transistors is …

• vacuum tubes
• junction transistors
• field-effect transistors
• insulated-gate bipolar transistors

According to the research company comScore Networks in 2019, the number of Internet users worldwide amounted to … people

• 555 million
• 747 million
• 2 billion
• 7 billion

According to the … Institute, by 2055 unemployment will reach around 50 % of the total labor force (give or take 20 years depending on artificial intelligence growth)

• Oxford
• McKinsey
• Massachusetts
• Cambridge

According to the … criterion highlighted by W. Martin, information acts as an important stimulant for changing the quality of life, «information consciousness» is formed and affirmed with wide access to information

• social
• cultural
• economic
• technological

According to Professor W. Martin, the information society is understood as a “developed … society” that arose primarily in the West

• industrial
• modern
• post-industrial
• post-modern

According to current rates of growth in microelectronics, … of the world’s population will own a notebook-size computer with the capacity of today’s huge computers in roughly a decade

• 30 %
• 40 %
• 50 %
• 80 %

A roadblock to data availability such as connectivity means that … (choose 2 correct answers)

• your data is too inconvenient for me to load
• your unclassified data describe company secrets
• systems are not connected to the same network
• users are not aware of specific data sets because metadata is not published

A piece of software that sits between the hardware and the user is an … system

• mediating
• operating
• facilitating
• moderating

A mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 is called …

A magnetic tape is one that had to be … attached

• manually
• alternately
• successively
• automatically

A … operating system, often known as a multitasking OS, works by dedicating time to a certain activity and frequently switching between them

• batch
• network
• real-time
• time-sharing

A … is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element

A … is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field