Ответы на вопросы из коллекции "Университет «Синергия» Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (Темы 1-6 Итоговый тест)"

… are made for program logic and for computer memory

• Monitors
• Usb-ports
• Vacuum tubes
• Microchips

A general-purpose computing device called the analytical engine was developed in 1837 by …

• James Powers
• Vannevar Bush
• Charles Babbage
• William Seward Burrough

Arrange the computers in chronological order of their creation:

• 1 abacus
• 2 Napier’s bones
• 3 Analytical Engine
• 4 ENIAC
• 5 UNIVAC

Arrange the computers in chronological order of their creation:

• 1 Mark 1
• 2 Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• 3 Z1
• 4 abacus
• 5 EDVAC

Burroughs converted to electronic desk … and in the mid to late 1970s their products dropped from the market

• abacus
• memory
• calculators
• block note

In 1936, Alan Turing invented a universal machine, which was later called …

• the Colossus
• the Turing machine
• the Differential Analyzer
• the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine

Match computers to their characteristics:

• A. IBM
• B. Apple
• C. Mark 1
• D. ENIAC
• E. manufactured an easy-to-use computer with keyboard and mouse
• F. stands for International Business Machine
• G. the first computer
• H. stands Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator

Match machines to their characteristics:

• A. Jacquard Loom
• B. Analytical Engine
• C. Z3
• D. Harvard Mark I
• E. punched wooden cards
• F. mechanical-digital computer
• G. fully automatic computing machine
• H. automatic sequence controlled calculator

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Around the same period Intel (create) … three microprocessor designs”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Displays (attain) … VGA resolution by 1988, and 256-color screens were available by 1993”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “In 1944 Howard Aiken (develop) … Mark l that could perform calculations involving large numbers”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Resolutions and colors of computers (progress) … quickly by 2022”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “The microchip which (be) … a key component in the development of the personal computer”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “The power of computers (double) … roughly every 18 months to 2 years since the 1960s”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “What will the computers of the future (look) … like?”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Years ago this service (can) … be used to run algorithms and experiments, and explore tutorials and simulations around what might be possible with quantum computing”

The … is a small-scale special-purpose electronic digital machine for the solution of systems of linear algebraic equations and the first electronic computer incorporating vacuum tubes for digital computation

• Colossus
• Turing machine
• Differential Analyzer
• Atanasoff-Berry computer

The description of a type of microcomputer is down below: “This type of microcomputer is just like a Mobile Device, but bigger than Smartphone and smaller then Notebook Computer. Just like Totally Smartphone feature like Touch screen display, power full Battery Backup and we can calling and receiving call and click pictures and anything”. Find "out, what kind of microcomputer it is.

• This is a description of the tablet
• This is a description of the laptop
• This is a description of the smartphone

The explosion in world population and the rise of globalised trade demanded even faster and more flexible tools for processing …

• data
• trading
• building
• shipment

The first recognized use of the word “computer” was from …

• 1575
• 1613
• 1753
• 1801

The slide rule in its basic form uses … logarithmic scales to allow fast multiplication and division of numbers

• two
• three
• four
• five

A process of spreading the use of digital technology such as computers and the internet to do something is called …

According to the … criterion highlighted by W. Martin, the main characteristics of the information society are information technology, which is widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life

• social
• cultural
• economic
• technological

According to the research company com Score Networks in 2019, the number of Internet users worldwide amounted to 747 million people. The United States has the largest audience of Internet users – 153.4 million people, that is, almost every second American regularly goes online. In second place is China – in China today 86.8 million Internet users. Russia still occupies 13th place in terms of the number of people connected to the Network – 12.7 million people. However, Africa with 800 million people accounts for only 1 % of the total number of its users in the world, with 90 % of them living in South Africa. Identify the type of information society problem in the above case study.

• labor unemployment
• inequality of countries and regions
• insecurity of personal data

Information … must be viewed from two perspectives: as an independent industry, with its science, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities and as a basis for transformation of almost all areas of human activity

It … be noted that the problem of inequality in access to new information technologies is acute not only at the international level, but also at the micro level within each individual state

• must
• have to
• has to
• should

Match the main characteristics of the information society according to the following criteria by W. Martin:

• A. Technological
• B. Social
• C. Economic
• D. Political
• E. Cultural
• F. the key factor is information technologies, which are widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life
• G. information acts as an important stimulant for changing the quality of life, “information consciousness” is formed and affirmed with wide access to information
• H. information is a key factor in the economy as a resource, service, product, source of value added and employment
• I. freedom of information leading to a political process characterized by growing participation and consensus among different classes and social strata of the population
• J. recognition of the cultural value of information by promoting the assertion of information values in the interests of the development of the individual and society as a whole

Match the sentence with the time it was written:

• A. Economists, sociologists, and other researchers began to investigate the effects of telecommunications and computing technologies on mature industrial countries during the 1950s and 1970s
• B. For practically all of human history, labor has been sacral for the majority of people
• C. Gartner has been studying and publishing the dynamics of the emergence and development of information technology for several years
• D. The term “information society” refers to the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes
• E. Past Simple
• F. Present Perfect
• G. Present Perfect Continuous
• H. Present Simple

Put the number of Internet users worldwide from the largest to the smallest:

• 1 the USA
• 2 China
• 3 Russia
• 4Africa

Speaking about the development of the information society in Russia, I. N. Kurnosov writes that “the strategy for the formation of the information society in the transition period to a new system of property relations … take into account the special role and responsibility of the state”

• must
• should
• have to
• to have to

The “information economy” and “post-industrial society”, two concepts from that period, are still key parts of the information … concept

• society

The information society is established in those countries – … – in which a post-industrial society was formed in the 60s and 70s

• in Brazil, Saudi Arabia, China
• in Japan, the USA, Western Europe
• in Indonesia, India, Singapore
• in Russia, Poland, Georgia

The largest number of internet users currently in …

• China
• Russia
• the USA
• South Africa

The network can serve as a means of … propaganda materials of criminal organizations, recipes for the manufacture of explosives and poisonous substances, weapons, narcotic and psychotropic drugs, and methods for breaking electronic and other ciphers

• disseminating
• decreasing
• reduction
• removal

The stage of society’s development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy is called … society

• postindustrial

The term “developed post-industrial society” was introduced by …

• W. Martin
• I. Rakitov
• N. Kurnosov
• F. Machlup

The term “information…” refers to the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes that have occurred as a result of the rapid development and extensive use of information and communication technologies

• people
• society
• industry
• world

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year is … (give the abbreviation)

The unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities, money, etc. than other people, is called …

… integrated circuits are the name for the initial generations of commercially produced microelectronic devices (SSI)

“Molecular …” is a term for data storage technologies that use molecular species as the data storage element, rather than e.g. circuits, magnetics, inorganic materials or physical shapes

Arrange the stages in the history of transistors in chronological order:

• 1 use of vacuum tubes
• 2 creating a bipolar transistor
• 3 manufacture of field-effect transistors

Bell Telephone Laboratories’ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley devised the … transistor in 1948

Bell Telephone Laboratories’ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley devised the bipolar transistor in …

• 1935
• 1964
• 1992

Below is a description of one of the technologies: “It is a subfield of electronics. These devices are typically made from semiconductor materials. These include transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes and (naturally) insulators and conductors. As a result, this kind of IT has the potential to lower skill requirements in some vocations while raising them in others. It has influenced our daily lives in a variety of ways, making our routines a little more pleasant”. Which technology is described in the text?

• This is a description of photonics, which are an application of light generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing
• This is a description of nanoelectronics, because it refers to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. It is a set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively
• This is a description of microelectronics, because as the name suggests, microelectronics relate, to the study and manufacture (or microfabrication) of very small electronic designs and components

Charge carriers from both polarities are involved in the operation of … transistors

Match the abbreviations and transcripts:

• A. MSI
• B. ALU
• C. SSI
• D. LSI
• E. medium-scale integrated circuits
• F. arithmetic and logic unit
• G. small-scale integrated circuits
• H. large-scale integrated circuit

Match the highlighted words with their meaning in the sentence:

• A. The primary goal of robotization is to raise the productivity of industrial processes and the quality of products
• B. Tomorrow, software applications may create real-world simulations so realistic that it will be difficult to tell whether people are looking at a computer monitor or out the window; however, such advancements will only be possible with significant performance improvements and low-cost computer technologies
• C. Multi-core processors also have the advantage of increasing performance without increasing power consumption, resulting in higher performance per watt
• D. attribute
• E. asyndetic sentence
• F. object

Match the parts of one sentence:

• A. Bell Telephone Laboratories’ John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley…
• B. A second type of transistor was conceived…
• C. Small-scale integrated circuits are the name…
• D. Medium-scale integrated circuits have more than around 10 gates on a chip…
• E. …devised the bipolar transistor in 1948
• F. …about 25 years before bipolar transistors
• G. …given to the earliest generations of commercially produced microelectronic devices (SSI)
• H. …but fewer than approximately 200

Match the parts of one sentence:

• A. Today’s IT managers are faced with the task…
• B. Another area where microelectronics has excelled is…
• C. For the past 20 years, …
• D. Microelectronics has influenced our daily lives in a variety of ways, …
• E. …of providing more services to more users
• F. …in the field of robotics
• G. …the design of computer processors has remained stable
• H. …making our routines a little more pleasant

Medium-scale integrated circuits have more than around 10 … on a chip but fewer than approximately 200 (MSI)

Nanoelectronics is the most … breakthrough in technical development

• perfect
• distant
• ancient
• recent

Prior to the transistor’s discovery in 1947, the only way to execute its function in an electronic circuit was to use a … tube

The advent of ways for creating the numerous functional units on a crystal of semiconductor materials was critical to the development of …

The development of integrated circuits and storage devices has continued at an exponential rate; each subsequent halving of component size now takes …

• one year
• five years
• two or three years
• four or six years

The early transistors were not only larger than the smallest tubes, but they were also more …

• expensive
• powerful
• low
• cheap

The introduction of microelectronic circuits did not, for the most part, modify the … of the basic functional units: transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other similar components were still used in microelectronic devices

• list
• future
• number
• character

The last decade’s technological advancements have played a … part in the formation of modern society

• poor
• small
• significant
• inconsiderable

The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect …, which stands for MOSFET, is the most common in microelectronics

The transistor’s most significant advantage over the best vacuum tubes was that it consumed far …

• less power
• more power
• less voltage
• more voltage

… created the first operating system for the IBM 701

• MIT
• Apple
• Samsung
• General Motors

… was developed by Bell Labs and was the first significant operating system to be written almost entirely in high-level language

• Unix
• Linux
• Multics
• Windows 95

A user cannot send direct instructions to the hardware … various activities

• execute
• executes
• to execute
• to be executed

Because of the expense, the system’s productivity had to be increased … cost effectiveness

• assure
• assures
• to assure
• to be assured

Identify the sequence of generations of computers (by their description):

• 1 huge machines capable of conducting numerical calculations
• 2 computers were mostly utilized for scientific and technical calculations, with FORTRAN and assembly code being the most used programming languages
• 3 the machines shared the same architecture and instruction set, programs created for one could be run on the other
• 4 computers with Large Scale Integration Circuits (LSI) and silicon chips with thousands of transistors

Match the names of operating systems with their descriptions:

• A. Linux Fedora
• B. Ubuntu
• C. Solaris
• D. Free BSD
• E. it consists of software provided under a variety of open-source and free licenses
• F. it is available in three editions: Desktop, Server, and Core (for internet of things, devices and robots)
• G. it is also known for its web, database and Java-based services and its unlimited capacity for helping in managing file system and databases is a big plus as well
• H. it is a free UNIX based open-source software that is compatible with many platforms and boasts features such as speed and stability

Microsoft Windows eventually surpassed Mac OS … the world’s most popular personal computer operating system, with over 90 % market share

• become
• becomes
• to become
• to be become

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “A more systematic structure (form) … with the creation of ambitious operating systems in the mid-1960s”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “A UNIX based operating system, Solaris (originally develop) … by Sun Microsystems in the mid-’90s”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Huge machines capable of conducting numerical calculations (construct) … in the mid-1940s”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission, and lightweight games like Sudoku and chess (include) … by default, while GNOME Files is the default file manager”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “The addition of support for Linux programs, which (reveal) … in 2018, was a big advance”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “The transistor, which (introduce) … in the mid-1950s, made computers more reliable”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “There was no such thing when the first computers (develop) … following WWII”

Open the brackets, put the verb in the correct form in sentence: “Wireless network connectivity (also manage) … by mobile operating systems”

The …, which was introduced in the mid-1950s, made computers more reliable

• photonics
• transistor
• microchip
• vacuum tube

The Apple Macintosh, a low-cost workstation that emerged from early Alto computer concepts, was released in …

• 1923
• 1956
• 1984
• 2001

The description of the generation of computers is down below: “Computers of this generation appeared, when IBM introduced the System/360, a line of software-compatible computers with varying levels of capability and price. Because the machines shared the same architecture and instruction set, programs created for one could be run on the other”. Which generation of computers is described in the text?

• This is a description of the first generation, which lasted from 1940s to 1950s, when word-oriented computers typically had a single accumulator and an extension, referred to as, e.g., Upper and Lower Accumulator, Accumulator and Multiplier-Quotient (MQ) register
• This is a description of the third generation, which lasted from 1965 to 1980s. These devices generally relied on early (sub-1000 transistor) integrated circuit technology. The third generation ends with the microprocessor-based fourth generation
• This is a description of the fourth generation, which has been lasting from 1970s to Present. he basis of the fourth generation is the microprocessor, a computer processor contained on a single large-scale integration (LSI) MOS integrated circuit chip

The introduction of time-sharing systems, in particular, has long been regarded as a watershed moment in the evolution of … systems

• operating
• executing
• mediating
• monitoring

The type of operating system that is not directly linked to the computer is the … operating system

• batch
• distributed
• time-sharing
• multitasking

There are some of the potential benefits of distributed operating systems, for example … (choose 2 correct answers)

• they minimize the load on the host computer
• they require a high level of expertise to maintain
• they allow a faster exchange of data among users
• if the primary network fails, the entire system shuts down

… are important because they promote inter-service interoperability, meaning exchanging and making use of information, and interoperability between various component systems within the same service

• Collecting information
• Making information available
• Legacy systems
• Standards

… is a difficulty that develops when a solution that works for a small data set fails to function for a much larger data set due to a combinatorial explosion, such as in comparands

… is a person who creates the high-level design of a technical system

• Project manager
• System architect
• Enterprise architect
• Business systems analyst

… is an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically

… is the person responsible for accomplishing all project objectives

• System architect
• Project manager
• System designer
• Change manager

A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective, to create verb tense, or to create the passive voice. There are two types of participles: Present participle (ending -ing) and Past participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n).Find the passage, where there are both Participle 1 and Participle 2.

• Data aggregation is the process of combining data from multiple sources into a single system or in close proximity to one another, such as on a display, so that the user may access them from a single platform. This gives users a significant edge because they have access to more resources without having to search. When data is gathered together, developers and system administrators can detect errors, superfluous information, and inconsistencies much more quickly. When data is aggregated, software developers and database administrators can begin to notice differences in common data sets and access methods. Data and knowledge are being grouped in order to improve databases and knowledge bases”
• “Engineers still have problems associated with the use of standards, and quite often with their misuse. Standards aid in the development of a good technical solution. However, they do not, by themselves, comprise the full solution. When users are in a hurry for a technical solution, they often overlook this and expect that the standards would address all of their difficulties”
• “Data access can be challenging due to a variety of issues. Why am I unable to view your information? The reasons are numerous and varied. The following are only a few of the many roadblocks to data availability”

Arrange the stages of the development of the internet in chronological order:

• 1 the first connection between Stanford and UCLA organisers, the emergence of ARPANET
• 2 TCP/IP is introduced as a mandatory protocol for all computers connected to the ARPANET
• 3 creation of the first Internet browser, Mosaic

Data … is the process of combining data from multiple sources into a single system or in close proximity to one another, such as on a display, so that the user may access them from a single platform

Data administrators, as well as policymakers, must keep a balance between two … aims

• opposite
• opposited
• opposition
• opposing

Duplication of effort, cost inefficiencies, lost business opportunities, medical catastrophes, and military disasters result from data access …

Engineers still have problems … with the use of standards, and quite often with their misuse and misunderstanding

• association
• associated
• associating
• associate

Establish a correspondence between data types and their description:

• A. “A”
• B. “B”
• C. “C”
• D. “D”
• E. stands for the data that component administrators are ready to give
• F. stands for what they are unwilling to disclose
• G. stands for what the common, integrated information system requires
• H. stands for what no one wants to see in the system

Four different data groupings are possible based on the four different …

It is important to ensure that the … data is accurate and relevant

• collecting
• is collecting
• collected
• collection

It is necessary to establish information-sharing procedures that are basic and straightforward to use in order to ensure that … is accessed

Joint organizations use standards on multiple levels – international, … and industry

Making information accessible is a challenge that frequently causes problems for …

• schools
• children
• workers
• businesses

Match the notions with the situations that describe them:

• A. Documentation
• B. Proprietary
• C. Data-model mismatch
• D. Security
• E. Users are not aware of specific data sets because your metadata is not published. When metadata is not widely available, users may not even know which data sets they need
• F. My unclassified data describe company secrets
• G. I have an object-oriented database and my database is relational
• H. I am not cleared to see your data

Nothing is more … to a user than to try to use a new system that has turned functionality that previously was easy to use, into an obscure procedure that is difficult to use

• frustrating
• frustrated
• frustration
• is frustrating

The standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser is …

• RTF
• SGML
• HTML
• WWW