1589801784-27b285c153a5a8be699d506a0f30354e (Technology 1 teacher's resource book), страница 6

Point out that in plasticand elastic the final sound /k/ changes to /s/ when forming the nounsplasticity and elasticity.O tt 2345plasticstrengthcorrosion-resistantwear-resistance6789brittlenesshardtoughnessflexibled i v i d i n g st u d e n t s in to t w o t e a m s , A a n d B.O ne st u d e n t f r o m T e a m A s a y s h e or sh e ist h i n k i n g o f a p ie c e o f s p o r t s e q u i p m e n t or2 Get students to do this individually. Encourage them to use the Glossarywhere necessary.clo th ing, w i t h o u t n a m i n g it.

S t u d e n t sf r o m T e a m B tr y to g u e s s it b y a s k i n g Yes /N o q u e s t i o n s only a b o u t p r o p e r t y orm a t e r i a l s u se d , e.g. Is th e m a te r ia l f le x ib le ?D o e s th e m a t e r ia l s tr e tc h a n d r e tu rn to itso r ig in a l sh a p e ? Is it m a d e f r o m ru b b e r a n dO-w 1234flexiblecorrosion-resistanthardelasticity5678elastichardbrittlewear-resistantste e l? C heck t h a t t h e y are u s i n g th eco rrect in to n atio n .□ Additional activity(w e a k e r s tu d e n ts )Play a s i m p le r v e r s i o n o f t h e t w e n t yq u e s t i o n s g a m e in t h e p r e v i o u s activity.Lim it t h e l a n g u a g e to th e f o l lo w i n gq u e s t i o n t y p e s : C an y o u b e n d it? C a n y o ub r e a k it e a s ily ? Y e s ,y o u c a n / N o ,y o u c a n ’t.Lim it th e v e r b s to t h e f o llo w in g : b e n d ,s tr e tc h , b re a k , c u t, te a r, b u rn , a n d oth ers i m i l a r v e r b s w h i c h t h e y know .

You c a nlim it t h e ob je c t s to t h i n g s in th ec l a s s r o o m ( su ch a s w in d o w , p a p e r) or toa n y e v e r y d a y ob je c t s ( su ch as f o o t b a ll,n e w s p a p e r, w a t e r b o ttle ).Gadget boxIn small groups ask students to brainstorm as m any ideas as they can toimprove the gadget. When they have finished, ask one student from eachgroup to present their ideas to the rest of the class.

Get the whole class tovote on the best three improvements.O-ir Possible answerAn LED display on the shoe could show distance or speed.SpeakingSkateboard v snowboardCheck students understand the task: Student A labels the diagram andcompletes the table by asking Student B questions. Then Student B has todo the sam e by asking Student A.

If one of a pair is weaker than the other,he / she should be Student B, who has less information to give.ListeningExchanging information1 Q Get students to listen to the conversation and then change roles andrepeat the activity in Speaking.2 Q Get students to listen to the second part of the conversation again andfill in the gaps.O-w 1234made ofHow comeon both sidesit called5 about, is it6 When7 are theyCustomer careMaking recommendationsQ Additional activity(all levels)Ask studen ts to th in k o f a sp o r t or h o b b ythat they k n ow s o m e t h i n g ab o u t. Pairthem with a ‘b e g i n n e r ’ a n d g e t t h e m tomake re co m m e n d a tio n s.1 Explain that the phrases in italics are different ways of recommendingsomething. Get students to practise short phrases, e.g. I’d go fo r awooden deck.2 In pairs, tell the student making the recommendation to find out w hat theother student needs by asking a few questions first.

For example, Student Aasks Doyou want to skate in parks, streets, or on hills? After gettinginformation, Student A makes recommendations. For example: You 're quitetall, so your best betfo r size is 60 mm size. You want to do hills, so Id go fo r87A.Key wordsGo through the list of words to check students’ pronunciation andunderstanding. Refer them to the Glossary if necessary.BackgroundAppropriate technology is technology which uses locallyavailable m aterials and expertise to provide inexpensivesolutions to problems in countries in the developingworld, particularly in poorer rural areas.

The wind pumpis a typical exam ple - it is relatively simple to constructand maintain, and does not require fuel. It contains asimple mechanism , a crankshaft, which converts therotary (round and round) movement of the blades into areciprocating (up and down) movement which, in turn, islinked to the piston of a pump.The clockwork radio is a more sophisticated example. Itconsists of a clockwork motor which drives a smallgenerator. This produces enough power to run the radio.

Thestep-up gears increase the speed of rotation of the motor.The radio is cheap to use because it does not need m ainspower or batteries, which can be very expensive. Theclockwork computer described in the Gadget box uses thesam e form of power. Its cost is kept low because thecomputer is not advertised, and it uses open-sourcesoftware, which is available free to anyone (unlike Microsoft,for example, which requires users to pay for a licence).Portable generators combine an engine, usually diesel,with an electric generator.

They provide power inemergencies or in areas where no m ains power isavailable, but are often very noisy. Noise is m easured indecibels (dB) - the higher the number, the noisier themachine. At home, the generator m ay be used to powerdomestic appliances such as kettles, freezers, w ashingmachines, and air-conditioners. The am ount of electricitythey use is m easured in kilowatts (kW). Lighting usesmuch less electricity.Car engines are normally four-stroke. In a four-strokepetrol engine there is a cycle (or series) of events which iscompleted in four strokes (or movements) of the piston: onthe induction stroke, the fuel is drawn into the cylinder, onthe compression stroke, the fuel is compressed and ignitedby the spark plug, on the power stroke, the piston is drivendown the cylinder by the expanding gas from the burningfuel, on the exhaust stroke, the rising piston pushes theexhaust gas out of the engine.Two-stroke engines are used in portable devices such aschainsaws.

They can be used at any angle. Put simply, in thetwo-stroke cycle, power and exhaust are combined in onestroke, compression and ignition in the other. There is norequirement for inlet and outlet valves for entry of the fuelor exit of the exhaust gas. This simplifies construction andreduces the cost of two-stroke engines. However, they arenoisy and produce more pollution than four-stroke engines.Switch on1 Encourage students, working in pairs, to discuss the diagram freely for ashort time, and then to answer the questions. Ask them to write down theiranswers briefly in note form.2Tell students to look at their own notes and make any changesnecessary, as they listen.Ott I A wind pump2 It pumps waterfrom underthe ground.3 The wind turns the blades.This rotary movement is converted into an upand-down movement by a crankshaft connected to the piston of apump.4 In the developing world, for example, in India and Africa5 Inexpensive materialsAppropriate technology 23ReadingU Additional activity(stronger stu den ts)The inventorSelect one or tw o stu d e n ts to c o m e ou tto the front of the clas s a n d give a briefexplanation in their o w n w o r d s (w ith ou tlooking at the r ead ing text) o f h o w th eradio works.♦ Tip1Get students to cover the reading text (except for the photograph of theinventor) and discuss anything that they already know about the inventor.They should note down any points.

If they need help, you can ask them whya clockwork radio might be useful in the developing world (because itdoesn’t use expensive batteries or electricity). Then get them to read the firstparagraph and compare it with their notes.Ask students what kind o f energy th ewound spring has (p o te n tia l e n e rg y ). Themachine converts potential energy intoelectrical energy.♦ TipTell students to read the rest of the text individually and label the diagram.Encourage them to discuss the text with their partner if necessary.Afterwards, you can have a brief discussion with the whole class about howthe device works.O-ir 12 e3d43V = 3 Volts30mA = 30 m illiA m ps(l mA = 0.001 Amps)Note the small m a n d the large A.Get students to do this exercise individually.O tt♦ TipTop marginClosed source so ftw a re is so ftw are ow ne dby one company and sold t o t h e publi cfo rprofit.The source code (or pr ogram) is kept5 bclockwork radios in use all over the worldturnstowind upthe spring fullyvoltage of electricity generatedhow longthe radio will runwhen Baylis heard about the problem of health information in Africaelectrical current generatedsecret.The software may be too expensivefor many people in developing countries.Get students to do this exercise individually.Open source so ftw a re is produced by gro u p sof computer specialists an d given t o t h epublicfree.The source code is m a d e public.Wi-fi netw orks allow co m p u te rs to connectO tt 1 you wind up a spring.2 the gears engage.3 it generates electricity.4 you have to wind it up again.5 you walk.wirelessly (using radio signals) t o t h einternet.This is useful in ar e a s o f th edeveloping world where th ere m ay be nocable infrastructure.

W i-fi s t a n d s forGadget boxw irelessfidelity.□ Additional activityPut students into small groups of 3-5 to discuss the answ ers to thequestions about the clockwork computer (see Tip).(stronger stu d e n ts)Ask one or tw o s t u d e n t s to e x p l a i n h o wthey think the clock w ork c o m p u t e r w o r k s(it uses a sim ila r m e ch a n ism to th eclockwork radio).Language spotTime clausesRefer students to the Grammar reference p.117 for a full explanation of thelanguage points in this unit.

Discuss the exam ples with the class. Whenshows a very close relationship between the two actions. The second actionhappens very quickly, alm ost immediately, after the first (often because thefirst action causes the second to happen). Before and after simply show thesequence of events, but there m ay be a long period of time between the twoevents. As is used when two actions take place at the sam e time.1 Discuss the first three items with the class. In 1 and 2, different answ ers arepossible. When is best in 1 to show that the blades have to turn before thepiston moves.

As is best in 2 to indicate that the rotation and the pum pinghappen at the sam e time. In 3, after is used to show the sequence of events.In 6, when suggests that she became an engineer im m ediately after leavingcollege.O-ir 1 When the wind turnsthe pump blades,the piston moves up and down.2345678As the blade rotates, water is pumped from the well.After Baylis invented the clockwork radio, he invented the electric shoe.The Internet existed before the World Wide Web became popular.As the generator turns, it produces electricity.When / After she left college, she became an engineer.When / As you apply the brakes, the car slows down.When / As you press the accelerator, the car speeds up.2 Have a brief discussion with the class about how the two-stroke engineworks.