01-04-2020-Дедушенко И.С.Обучение чтению и устной речи на английском языке (английский уч бизнес инглиш охфорд инглиш методические указания дедушенко английский и физика, уч орловская самсонова)

Московский государственный технический университетимени Н.Э. БауманаИ.С. ДедушенкоОбучение чтениюи устной речина английском языкепо специальности«Физика»Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. БауманаМосковский государственный технический университетимени Н.Э. БауманаИ.С. ДедушенкоОбучение чтениюи устной речина английском языкепо специальности«Физика»Методические указанияМоскваИздательство МГТУ им. Н.Э.

Баумана20121УДК 802.0ББК 81.2 Англ-923Д26Рецензент И.В. СтасенкоД26Дедушенко И.С.Обучение чтению и устной речи на английском языкепо специальности «Физика» : метод. указания / И.С. Дедушенко. — М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2012. —49, [3] с.В каждом из трех уроков содержатся словарь, три текста и задания, позволяющие контролировать понимание текстов.

Грамматические упражнения направлены на повторение наиболее сложныхконструкций английского языка.Для студентов старших курсов, обучающихся по специальности«Физика» (кафедра ФН-4).УДК 802.0ББК 81.2 Англ-923 МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 20122ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕДанные методические указания предназначены для обучениястудентов-физиков старших курсов чтению, переводу научно-технической литературы на английском языке, навыкам реферирования и аннотирования, а также умению дискутировать на профессиональные темы.Перед чтением основного текста урока рекомендуется ознакомиться с предваряющим текст вокабуляром. Усвоение терминовоблегчает дальнейшее беспереводное понимание текстов. Любаяработа с текстом должна начинаться с просмотрового чтения, а нес дословного перевода.В разделе Discussion даны задания на понимание текста и применение материалов урока при обсуждении проблем по физике.Этот раздел очень важен для обучения студентов навыкам устнойречи, умению анализировать материал и логически строить ответ.Эти навыки и умения позволят студенту подготовиться к презентации доклада на конференции, а также с легкостью вести беседуна профессиональную тему и обсуждать научные проблемы.Грамматические упражнения составлены таким образом, чтообеспечивают повторение наиболее сложных конструкций английского языка, таких, как образование множественного числасуществительных латинского и греческого происхождения, неличные формы глагола.

Предложенный грамматический материалнеобходим для правильного перевода статей по физике, а такжедля ведения научной беседы.Методические указания помогут будущим специалистам в области физики лучше ориентироваться в огромном потоке публикаций на английском языке, определять их ценность и постоянно повышать свой профессиональный уровень.3Unit 1.

THREE NEWTON’S LAWSMemorize the following vocabulary to text 1A.center-of-mass acceleration — центр инерционной массыconversion n — превращение, преобразование, переходconverse v — преобразовыватьexert v — прилагать усилия, напрягать силыdownward force — сила, направленная внизtotal force — результирующая (полная, суммарная) силаupward force — подъемная сила; сила, направленная вверхlet down v — опускать, спускать; ослаблять, замедлять,снижатьnegligible adj — ничтожный, не принимаемый в расчетon the order of — порядка …pull up v — натягиватьside-effect — побочный эффектspeed up v — ускорятьstick, stuck v — задерживать, останавливатьstreamlined adj — обтекаемый, четкийtaper off v — сужаться, убывать по конусуterminal velocity — конечная скоростьvanquish v — преодолевать, побеждатьvelocity n — 1.

скорость; 2. вектор скоростиweigh v — взвешиватьweight n — вес4Text 1A. Newton’s First LawRead and translate the text. Study the examples given in thetext.If the total force on an object is zero, its center of masscontinues in the same state of motion.In other words, an object initially at rest is predicted to remainat rest if the total force on it is zero, and an object in motionremains in motion with the same velocity in the same direction.The converse of Newton’s first law is also true: if we observe anobject moving with constant velocity along a straight line, thenthe total force on it must be zero.What happens if the total force on an object is not zero? Itaccelerates.For example: An elevator has a weight of 5000 N.

Comparethe forces that the cable must exert to raise it at constant velocity,lower it at constant velocity, and just keep it hanging.Answer: In all three cases the cable must pull up with a force ofexactly 5000 N. Most people think you’d need at least a little morethan 5000 N to make it go up, and a little less than 5000 N to let itdown, but that’s incorrect.

Extra force from the cable is onlynecessary for speeding the car up when it starts going up orslowing it down when it finishes going down. Decreased force isneeded to speed the car up when it gets going down and to slow itdown when it finishes going up. But when the elevator is cruisingat constant velocity, Newton’s first law says that you just need tocancel the force of the earth’s gravity. It seems that the statementin the example that the cable’s upward force “cancels” the earth’sdownward gravitational force implies that there has been a contest,and the cable’s force has won, vanquishing the earth’s gravitationalforce and making it disappear.

We know that both forces continueto exist because they both have side-effects other than their effectson the car’s centre-of-mass motion. That is incorrect. Both forcescontinue to exist, but because they add up numerically to zero, theelevator has no center-of-mass acceleration. The force acting5between the cable and the car continues to produce tension in thecable and keep the cable taut.

The earth's gravitational forcecontinues to keep the passengers (whom we are considering as partof the elevator-object) stuck to the floor and to produce internalstresses in the walls of the car, which must hold up the floor.Example 2 (terminal velocity for falling objects): An objectlike a feather that is not dense or streamlined does not fall withconstant acceleration, because air resistance is nonnegligible. Infact, its acceleration tapers off to nearly zero within a fraction ofa second, and the feather finishes dropping at constant speed(known as its terminal velocity).

Why does this happen?Newton’s first law tells us that the total force on the feathermust have been reduced to nearly zero after a short time. Thereare two forces acting on the feather: a downward gravitationalforce from the planet earth, and an upward frictional force fromthe air. As the feather speeds up, the air friction becomes strongerand stronger, and eventually it cancels out the earth’sgravitational force, so the feather just continues with constantvelocity without speeding up any more.The situation for a skydiver is exactly analogous.

It’s just thatthe skydiver experiences perhaps a million times moregravitational force than the feather, and it is not until she is fallingvery fast that the force of air friction becomes as strong as thegravitational force. It takes her several seconds to reach terminalvelocity, which is on the order of a hundred miles per hour.(2885)Tasks to text 1A1. Give the definition of the First Newton’s Law.2. What forces act on a falling object?3. What fields of physics can the First Newton’s Law beapplied to?4.

Give your own examples of the First Newton’s Lawapplication.6Text 1B. Newton’s Second LawRead the text and state what acceleration is.What about cases where the total force on an object is notzero, so that Newton’s first law doesn’t apply? The object willhave acceleration. The way positive and negative signs of forceand acceleration are defined guarantees that positive forcesproduce positive accelerations, and likewise for negative values.How much acceleration will it have? It will clearly depend onboth the object’s mass and on the amount of force.Experiments with any particular object show that its accelerationis directly proportional to the total force applied to it. This may seemwrong, since we know of many cases where small amounts of forcefail to move an object at all, and larger forces get it going.This apparent failure of proportionality actually results fromforgetting that there is a frictional force in addition to the forcewe apply to move the object.

The object’s acceleration is exactlyproportional to the total force on it, not to any individual force onit. In the absence of friction, even a very tiny force can slowlychange the velocity of a very massive object. Experiments alsoshow that the acceleration is inversely proportional to the object’smass, and combining these two proportionalities gives thefollowing way of predicting the acceleration of any object:Newton’s second law: a = Ftotal / m,where m is an object’s mass, Ftotal is the sum of the forces actingon it, and a is the acceleration of the object’s center of mass. Thecase is presently restricted to where the forces of interest areparallel to the direction of motion.For example: A bus with a mass of 2000 kg accelerates from0 to 25 m/s (freeway speed) in 34 s.

Assuming the acceleration isconstant, what is the total force on the bus?We solve Newton’s second law for Ftotal = ma, and substitutea = v/t for a, givingFtotal = mv/t = (2000 kg)(25 m/s – 0 m/s)/(34 s) = 1.5 kN.7As with the first law, the second law can be easily generalizedto include a much larger class of interesting situations: suppose anobject is being acted on by two sets of forces, one set lying alongthe object’s initial direction of motion and another set acting alonga perpendicular line. If the forces perpendicular to the initialdirection of motion cancel out, then the object accelerates along itsoriginal line of motion according to a = Ftotal / m.(1916)Text 1C.

Newton’s Third LawRead, translate the text and answer the question: WasNewton’s Third Law ever violated?Newton created the modern concept of force starting from hisinsight that all the effects that govern motion are interactionsbetween two objects: unlike the Aristotelian theory, Newtonianphysics has no phenomena in which an object changes its ownmotion. Is one object always the “order-giver” and the other the“order-follower”?As an example, consider a batter hitting a baseball. The batdefinitely exerts a large force on the ball, because the ballaccelerates drastically.

But it is known that the ball also makes aforce on the bat.How does the ball’s force on the bat compare with the bat’sforce on the ball? The bat’s acceleration is not as spectacular asthe ball’s, since the bat’s mass is much greater. In fact, carefulmeasurements of both objects’ masses and accelerations wouldshow that mballaball is very nearly equal to mbatabat, whichsuggests that the ball’s force on the bat is of the same magnitudeas the bat’s force on the ball, but in the opposite direction.Let’s discuss two examples:a) Two magnets exert forces on each other;b) Two people’s hands exert forces on each other.In the first experiment, a large magnet and a small magnet areweighed separately, and then one magnet is hung from the pan of8the top balance so that it is directly above the other magnet.