диссертация (Англо-американские международно-правовые доктрины о современном статусе Арктики)

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUSINSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATIONMOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS(UNIVERSITY) OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSOF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATIONManuscriptInna Petrovna ZhuravlevaANGLO-AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL LAW DOCTRINESON THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE ARCTICField of study 12.00.10 – International Law; European LawA dissertation submitted for the degreeof Doctor of LawResearch Supervisor –Professor of MGIMO-University,Dr of Law A. Vylegzhanin,Honorable Lawyer of the Russian FederationMoscow – 2019ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ«МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТМЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ (УНИВЕРСИТЕТ)МИНИСТЕРСТВА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ДЕЛ РОССИЙСКОЙФЕДЕРАЦИИ»На правах рукописиЖуравлева Инна ПетровнаАнгло-американские международно-правовые доктрины о современномстатусе АрктикиСпециальность 12.00.10 – Международное право; Европейское правоДиссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наукНаучный консультант:доктор юридических наук, профессорВылегжанин А.Н.Москва – 20192ОглавлениеAbbreviations..........................................................................................................................................4Introduction.............................................................................................................................................8CHAPTER 1.

GENERAL THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF THESTATUS OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN (ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAWDOCTRINES)......................................................................................................................................23§ 1. The notions of “doctrines in international law” and “the teachings of the most highlyqualified publicists of the various nations”...............................................................................................23§ 2.

A preliminary overview of the Anglo-American international law doctrines on the status ofthe Arctic Ocean..............................................................................................................................................29§ 3. The UNCLOS and the legal regime of the Arctic Ocean: a comparison of the Russian andAnglo-American doctrines............................................................................................................................34CHAPTER 2.

BASELINES ALONG THE ARCTIC COAST (INTERNATIONAL LEGALANALYSIS OF FOREIGN PRACTICES OF DRAWING STRAIGHT BASELINES INTHE ARCTIC).....................................................................................................................................63§1. International law rules applicable to drawing baselines by coastal states...................................69§ 2.

The legal practice of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union on baselines along the Arcticcoast.................................................................................................................................................................101§ 3. The legal practice of other Arctic states with respect to baselines along their Arctic coast 107§ 4. Options for specifying the location of the baselines along the coast of the Russian Federationin the Arctic, in the context of foreign international law doctrines..................................................121CHAPTER 3.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL POSITIONS OF RUSSIA’S NEIGHBOURINGARCTIC STATES ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN THE ARCTIC (ACCORDINGTO FOREIGN LEGAL SOURCES).............................................................................................143§ 1. General characteristic of the matter................................................................................................143§2.

The legal practice of Norway and Denmark of making “partial submissions” to theCommission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.............................................................................165§ 3. Proposals for the Russian Federation to take account of the positions of other Arctic states aswell as the foreign international legal doctrine for improving the legal policy with respect toArctic shelf.....................................................................................................................................................179§4.

Denmark’s submission on the continental shelf in the Arctic (issues of fact and scholarlyopinions).........................................................................................................................................................209§ 5. The opportunities for using foreign doctrines to prevent the loss of a part of Russian shelfinherent in the Russian “submissions” of 2001 and 2015....................................................................221CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR CODE AS THE NEW COMPONENT IN THE REGIME OFNAVIGATION IN THE ARCTIC.................................................................................................231§ 1.

General characteristics of the legal regime of navigation in the Arctic according to AngloAmerican doctrine. Article 234 of UNCLOS.........................................................................................231§ 2. Status of the Polar Code: doctrinal views.......................................................................................239§ 3. Legally binding and non-binding elements of the Polar Code...................................................245CHAPTER 5. THE LEGAL REGIME OF THE BERING STRAIT (AS INTERPRETEDBY RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERTS)...............................................................................255§1.

The definition of “Bering Strait”.......................................................................................................256§ 2. Avenues of Russia-U.S. cooperation in clarifying the Bering Strait region’s legal regime..281§3.

Content of the key legal sources applicable to the Bering Strait region....................................295§ 3.1. Universal international agreements applicable to the Bering Strait region.............................2963§3.2. Regional treaties, declarations, and other regional documents applicable to the Bering Straitregion...............................................................................................................................................................................308§3.3. Bilateral treaties applicable to the Bering Strait region....................................................................314CHAPTER 6.

FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN DOCTRINAL VIEWS ON THE LEGALREGIME OF CONSERVATION AND RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF MARINELIVING RESOURCES IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN.................................................................330§ 1. Applicable general theory...................................................................................................................333§ 2.

Doctrinal views on the legal bases of Russia’s bilateral cooperation with other Arctic states..........................................................................................................................................................................355§ 3. Thawing of ice in the central Arctic basin and scholarly legal recommendations.................359§ 4. New legal regimes of conserving and managing bioresources in the Central Arctic: thedoctrinal choice between the universal and regional approaches.....................................................361CHAPTER 7.

FOREIGN STUDIES ON THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS OFENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC REGION....................376§ 1. General overview of the international legal effects of climate change in the Arctic..............377§ 2. General characteristic of the prospects of international legal regulation of potential conflictsdue to climate change in the Arctic..........................................................................................................392§ 3.

The Arctic model of sustainable development: doctrinal insights in Anglo-American studies..........................................................................................................................................................................399§ 4. Anglo-American doctrines on EIA in the Arctic context.............................................................419§ 5. Anglo-American doctrinal views on the precautionary principle in the Arctic context.......434§ 6. Anglo-American doctrinal proposals to improve the international legal mechanisms ofecosystem management in the Arctic.......................................................................................................446CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................458Annex...................................................................................................................................................470Annex 1...........................................................................................................................................................470Annex 2...........................................................................................................................................................471Annex 3...........................................................................................................................................................472Annex 4...........................................................................................................................................................473Annex 5...........................................................................................................................................................474Annex 6...........................................................................................................................................................475Annex 7...........................................................................................................................................................476Annex 8...........................................................................................................................................................477Annex 9...........................................................................................................................................................4784AbbreviationsANWR - the Arctic National Wildlife RefugeAEWC - the Alaska Eskimo Whaling CommissionAMVER - the Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue SystemASEAN - Association of South East Asian NationsCAO - Central Arctic OceanCAFF - the Conservation of Arctic Flora and FaunaDNOS MD - the Directorate of Navigation and Oceanic Studies of the Ministry ofDefenseEIA - the environmental impact assessmentESA – European Space AgencyEEZ - exclusive economic zoneEIA - the environmental impact assessmentESSAS - the Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic SeasEBSA - Ecologically and Biologically Significant AreaFAO – The Food and Agriculture OrganizationUS - the United States of AmericaUN - the United NationsUK - the United KingdomUNCLOS – UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUSSR CEC - USSR Central Executive CommitteeSSR - Soviet Socialist Republic5SDWG - Sustainable Development Working GroupMNR - Ministry of Natural ResourcesMFA – Ministry of Foreign AffairsMSY - the maximum sustainable yieldNOAA - Cooperative Agreement with the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration within the United States Department of CommerceNATO - North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAFO - the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries OrganisationNGO – a non-governmental organizationCLCS – the Commission on the Limits of the Continental ShelfRSFSR - the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist RepublicRCRE - Remote Communities Renewable EnergyRIAC - Russian International Affairs CouncilROM - resistant organic matterIACS - the International Association of Classification SocietiesICAO - the International Civil Aviation OrganizationIMO - the International Maritime OrganizationILC- the International Law CommissionICJ – the International Court of JusticeITLOS - the International Tribunal for the Law of the SeaIWC - the International Whaling CommissionICES - the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea6OSPAR – the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of theNorth-East AtlanticOECD - the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPCIJ – the Permanent Court of International JusticePSSA – the Particularly Sensitive Sea AreasPICES - the North Pacific Marine Science OrganizationPAME - the Protection of Arctic Marine EnvironmentSOLAS – the International Convention for the Safety of Life at SeaLOST - the Law of the Sea TreatyLOS Convention – the Convention on the Law of the SeaMARPOL - the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution fromShipsMPA - marine protected areasNEAFC - the North East Atlantic Fisheries CommissionNASCO – the Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North AtlanticOcean1926 Resolution - the Resolution Declaring the Lands and Islands in the ArcticOcean in the Territory of the Union of the SSR1867 Convention - the Convention for the Cession of the Russian Possessions inNorth America to the United States1993 Agreement - the 1993 Agreement between the Government of the US andthe Government of Russia on Science and Technology Cooperation2000 Agreement - the Agreement between the Government of the United States ofAmerica and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Conservation andManagement of the Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population7the 2011 Joint Statement – the Joint Statement of the President of the UnitedStates of America and the President of the Russian Federation on Cooperation inthe Bering Strait Region1990 Agreement - the 1990 USSR-US Maritime Boundary Agreement1971 Ramsar Convention – the Convention on Wetlands of InternationalImportanceVCLT - the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969WMO - the World Meteorological Organization8IntroductionSubstantiation of the choice of subject-matter.