Учебное пособие по менеджменту на английском языке

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian FederationFederal State-Funded Educational Institution of Higher EducationNational research university "MEI"MANAGEMENTRecommended for bachelors studying in the “Management" field by EducationalMethodological Board of South Ural State University(National Research University)20171UDC 378.147.88(075) Ш622Reviewers: I.D. Kolmakova, K.V. BardinShindina, T.A.Ш62 MANAGEMENT . Diglot educational guidance /2 Shindina T.A.

- Chelyabinsk: SUSUPublishing House, 2013. - 48 p.The term “control” and “management” are widely known to any educated person. Managementactivity has been turned into a profession, field of knowledge into separate scientific discipline. Todaythe high level of development of the modern world is evident and it is explained mostly through theappliance of successful managemental methods. In any field there is a need for competent managers,their social stratum has been turned into quite powerful social force and professional activity is oftenthe most important key to success.The main peculiarities of management schools are described in this educational guidance as wellas the questions of national traditions, evolution of concepts.This educational guidance will be helpful for those students, who study the “History ofmanagerial thought” discipline.Pic. 15, table 7.© Shindina T.A., 201721.

THE ESSENCE AND BASIC DEFINITIONS OF THE TERM “MANAGEMENT”1.1.The term “management”The term “control” was created in the process of birth and development of human relations.The term “control” implies the process, in which one side of control process (subject) influences theother side (object). The need for control occurred when the first labour instruments appeared (spoon,knife, spear), and the development of the “control” term in economic context was created whenpublic relations appeared.The term “control” is tied very closely to the term “management”. However the term “control”has more wide semantic range, because it concerns technical objects as well, such as machinecontrol, satellite control, as distinct from the term “management”.

The term “management” istraditionally used to describe the relationship and influences between animated objects, when theseinfluences are of socioeconomic character and both object and subject of management is a person.In our educational guidance we will mostly touch upon socio-economic relationship, in otherwords “management” itself, and so we ask our readers to understand the term “control” in thecontext of our educational guidance only partially. The part of this term’s meaning that tied to socioeconomic influences.The term “management” is derived from old-English word “manage” (“manus” in Latin),which means “hand”. Literally this word meant “to tame horses”.

While it is connected to theprocess of riding an animal, “controlling” the horse, the meaning of this word pertained in theconcept of “management”.There is no unified treatment of the term “management” in reference and economic literaturebecause there are continuous processes of development of management as a science and existence ofdifferent schools of management.

Let’s introduce the main variants of treatment of the term“management” (table 1).Table 1Comparative analysis of the “management” term definitions#1.SourceOxford EnglishDictionaryDefinitionOrganization, supervision, or direction; the application of skill orcare in the manipulation, use, treatment, or control (of a thing orperson), or in the conduct of something. A governing body of anorganization or business.2.Followers of the processapproach to managementThe process of conducting one definite type of interconnectedactions to forming and using resources of an organization forreaching its goals in a most effective way.3.Followers of personal approach to management(management board apparatus)The skill for achieving set aims through channeling labour,intelligence and behavior of people, who work in the organization.Manager is a definite category of people whose work is inorganizing and managing the process of achieving aims usingforces of all personnel.3The end of table 1#SourceDefinition4.Followers of functional The contents and set of actions and functions which are exercisedapproach to management in the process of managing and depend on the type of organization(business, administrative, social, educational, military etc.), on thesize of organization, on its area of activities (manufacturing goods,rendering services), on the level of managemental hierarchy (uppermanagement, middle management, lower management level) andmany other factors.5.Followers of scientific Separate sphere of knowledge, science, which has its own subjectapproach to management and its own specific problems, methods and means of solvingthem.

The basis of management constitutes of all sum of gatheredfor thousands of years of managemental practice knowledge,depicted in the form of concepts, theories, principles concerningthe nature, means and forms of managemental activity.The main problem of understanding the essence of “management” is in the fact that it can bereviewed form different points of view: as an event, as a process, as a subject area of scientificknowledge, as an art, as a category of people involved in managemental activity, or regulatory body.Modern organizations can be seen as sophisticated systems and various numerous factors ofexternal and internal environment influence the functioning of those systems. In these conditionseverything depends on a person who exerts managemental actions. That is the reason why“management” is tied so closely to the phenomena of a human personality.

This approach allowscombining technologies and capabilities in the unified process. The technologies and capabilities areunderstood as the skill of channeling your knowledge and capabilities to work with people, for more fullpersonal fulfillment of a worker.That’s why we believe control (management) should be understood as an art of managing socioeconomic systems according to the set aim of economy management.1.2.The laws of managementExplanation of the nature of managemental activity allows researchers and practitioners tounderstand the origins, substance and social importance of management, outline its role in developingthe production forces and in society in the whole.

Establishing the cause-and-effect relationship inmanagemental activity gives the opportunity to determine the connection between the qualitative levelof management and results of organization’s activity. The cause-and-effect relationships known toscience are recorded as managemental laws.Laws of management are basically theoretically and empirically established and logicallyjustified dependencies between the aims of management and methods of achieving them. According toaccepted practice the laws of management is divided into two main groups.First group contains general (objective) laws of management.

Objective laws of management arethose relevant to management as a whole and which describe dependencies formed independent fromthe will of the separate subjects (table 2).4Table 2General laws of management#Name of the lawContentsSpecial aspects1. The law of correlation of socialcontents of management to form ofcarryingoutactivities, which aretheobjectsofmanagementManagement has two sides.From one hand it representsthe objective means ofcontrolling worker’s labour,from the other hand relationship of the sides inthe process of carrying outsome specific activityManagement is a historical necessity,because workers enter the managerialrelationships.

Sides that are part of labourprocess enter the ownership relations.2. The law of preferentialeffectiveness of conscious and systematic managementEconomic systems withconscious and systematicmanagement are potentiallyand actually more effectivethan the systems withspontaneous regulation ofeconomic processes in thesesystemsThe aim of management shifts to reachingthe highest economic effect for public endsthrough optimal utilization of resources formore full satisfaction of growing materialand cultural requirements of population3. The law of unity of The activity of any organmanagement system ization presents itself as aunifiedandcentralizedmanaged systemManagement system is divided accordingto hierarchy into levels.

Each of these levels are a subsystem (or a combination ofsubsystems) of higher-standing hierarchical system.4. The law of correla- Each sphere of managementtion of managing is tied to specific type ofand managed sys- activitytemsObject and subject of management areshaped into separate systems - managingand managed. The higher the effectivenessofmanagement,thebettertheeffectiveness of collaborative activity (allother conditions being equal).5.

The law of correspondence of contents and forms ofdirect and reverseconnection in themanagement systemand economic nature between itssubsystemsManagement aims are ingiving signals from thesubject of management to Signals are basically the orders andmanaged system so it will decisions made on the basis of someinformation. The direct connection isexecute suited actionsexpressed in the form of signals-ordersfrom subject of management to object. Inverse reaction looks like sig- nalsmessages, which describe the reaction onmanaging influence6.

The law of unity of Behaviour of processes and Effectiveness of management depends onmanagement laws events of management is the the degree of active usage of all the systemeffectsresultant of equally exerted of laws of managementforces, each of them issubordinated to one oranother law of management5Second group constitutes of individual or arbitrary laws of management with the help of whichthe effectiveness of system’s functioning at large (and its separate parts and branches) can bedrastically enhanced.Among individual laws of managing subsystem are:1.

The law of changing the functions of management. The law of changing the functions ofmanagement says that increasing or lowering the level of management inevitably leads to increasingthe value of some functions and decreasing of the other.2. The law of reducing the amount of management stages. The essence of the law of reducingthe amount of management stages is in the fact that the less levels of managing there is inorganization’s structure, the more effective and efficient management presents itself (all otherconditions being equal).3. The law of concentration of management functions. The law of concentration of managementfunctions establishes the fact that management reasonably aspires to better concentration of functionson each step of management, and therefore to growth of management personnel amount.4.