Ильин А.А. Summary (История понятия «революция» у А.И. Герцена и М.А. Бакунина), страница 3

filos. nauk. M., 1993. See also: Zil'berman I.B. Politicheskaya teoriyaanarkhizma M.А. Bakunina. Leningrad, 1969; Pamyati M.А. Bakunina / ed. by N.K.Figurovskaya. M., 2000.A complex of the works by Herzen and Bakunin and also oeuvresconstituting the background for their thought are an object of the study. Its subjectis revolution from Herzen’s and Bakunin’s textsThis paper aims to identify the main features of revolution in Herzen’s andBakunin’s works in the context of contemporary political and intellectualconditions.The aim presupposes following objectives:1) To single out main features and dynamics of the revolyutsiya in the period ofHerzen’s and Bakunin’s activity.

These features affected the intellectualdevelopment of the mentioned authors and made the conditions for shaping theirown conceptions of revolution. It can’t be completed without an analysis ofconceptual transfer and censorship.2) To determine the meaning and function of the revolyutsiya in the public debateof 1850-60s on the future development of Russia.

It’s also important to examinethe influence of these discussions on Herzen’s and Bakunin’s ideas on revolutions.3) To study activities of Herzen and Bakunin, that impacted on the shaping of theirtheorues. In order to do this, it is necessary to scrutinize the connection of theirconceptions with the West European and Russian contexts of their theoreticaldevelopments.4) To ascertain the ways in which revolution interacted with other notionsimportant for Herzen and Bakunin (history, freedom and war), and with their ideason the role of emotions in politics5) To compare Herzen’s and Bakunin’s conceptions of revolution, elucidatingsimilarities and differences in their thought.Chronological framework of the study is the second half of the 1820-s –1876. First date is connected with the emerging interest in politics shown by theyoung Herzen after the Decembrist revolt and ensuing political reaction to it.Second date is the year of Bakunin’s death.The methodology of the thesis is based on the Cambridge school ofintellectual history and also on particular elements of the conceptual history(Begriffsgeschichte).J.

Pocock and Q. Skinner have developed an approach, that allows to enquireinto historical sources in their concrete historical contexts avoiding anachronismsand helping to find more cautious and reflexive way to the subsequentgeneralizations37.Pocock uses terms “discourse” or “language” which mean “vocabulary; agrammar; a rhetoric; and a set of usages, assumptions, and implications”38.Discourses shape historical context that enables to understand the meaning of theconcepts used in them.Q. Skinner scrutinizes intellectual history mainly on a micro-level dealingusually with the classical authors. He perceives their texts as rational and deliberate“answers” to the certain “questions”, such as rival conceptions, theories and works.He and advocates of his approach see intellectual history as a constant debate,requiring from its participants to react to each other’s contributions39. Skinner’ssuggestions combine history of discourse or concepts with the history of concreteauthors’ actions.

Thus they help to redefine and to clarify biographical andcomparative methods that are employed in the study.Cambridge school approach enables one to discard quite common belief thatideas of each author establish unified and barely changeable system, that can bereconstructed with carefully selected and lined up quotations from works created at37Skinner Q. The Rise of, Challenge to and Prospects for Collingwoodian Approach to theHistory of Political Thought // The History of Political Thought in National Context.

Cambridge.2001. P. 175. See also: Idem. Meaning and Understanding of History of Ideas // History andTheory. 1969. № 1. P. 3–53.38Pocock J. Concepts and Discourses: A Difference in Culture? Comment on a Paper by MelvinRichter // The Meaning of Historical Terms and Concepts: New Studies on Begriffsgeschichte /ed. by H. Lehmann, M. Richter. Washington, 1996. P. 53. Slightly different definition can befound in another article: Pocock J.

Foundations and Moments // Rethinking The Foundations ofModern Political Thought / ed. by A. Brett, J. Tully, H. Hamilton–Bleakley. Cambridge, 2006. P.37.39Answer can look like explicit theory, but also can be concrete and situational. For example,Skinner studied quotations and allusions in the texts of the civil humanists and reformers. See:Skinner Q. Foundations of Modern Political Thought: in 2 vols. Cambridge, 1978. Vol. 1–2.different times and on various occasions. Furthermore, this approach helps to usegenetic method more carefully and to trace the development of historicalphenomena keeping in mind the danger of “idol of the origins” and of uncriticallybuilt genealogies of thought based on the superficial resemblance.Contextualization of the each work is especially important in cases ofHerzen and Bakunin, who were not systematic thinkers, since they usually took onthe role of journalists, reacting to the changing agendas and states of affairs.Conceptual analysis of the journalistic texts supposes the close attention to details,accents, quotations and allusions.

They not only express author’s opinion oncurrent situation but also indicate shifts and changes in his theoretical views.Another important advantage of the methodology is that it takes concepts notonly as tools for the description of reality; they have something to do with action.They usually serve to justify particular institutions or practices and to affirmviewpoints, which meet the interests of the one or another social group40. Forexample, revolyutsiya can describe large-scale political conflicts and changebrought about by them.

Noteworthy, it is also able to provide a justification ofviolence and violation of law and status quo, committed by revolutionaries or theirrivals41.German conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte) and R. Koselleck’s theoryof historical time complement the methodology of the research. Koselleck hasshown that concepts are connected with “space of experience” and with “horizonof expectation”, with the present and the future.42 The theory can be applied to therevolyutsiya in the 19th-century Russia that described certain (mostly foreign)experience and also referred to the anticipated future event.Balance between examination of particular author and exploration of hiscontext is pivotal for the Herzen and Bakunin studies. This context embodiespolitical and intellectual situation of the particular periods, and also broad40Skinner Q.

Retrospect: Studying rhetoric and conceptual change // Visions of Politics: in 3vols. Cambridge, 2002. Vol. 1. P. 168–169.41See: Bulst N., Fisch J. Koselleck R., Meier Ch. Op. cit.42Koselleck R. “Space of Experience” and “Horizon of Expectation": Two Historical Categories// Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time.

N. Y., 2004. P. 255–276.processes in politics and social sphere. It’s impossible to understand and explainwhy the author took up certain position in disputes and acted according to itwithout taken into consideration external circumstances. On the other hand, thiskind of contextualization facilitates theorizing; hence it goes beyond traditionaldescriptive approach to the life and works of well-known personalities. Attentionto the micro-level circumvents usual for the history of ideas quandary, caused bythe difficulty finding the main direction of thought of the author in focus.Overview of sourcesWorks and letters both by Herzen and Bakunin along with additionalmaterials were published in Collected Works.

Journalistic texts occupy significantpart of these editions and they are valuable for the research. Herzen and Bakuninwrote newspaper and journal articles and journalistic works to come out asseparate editions. Journalist works by other authors, who influenced Herzen andBakunin or conditioned their reactions and replies, also belong to this group tosources.Some oeuvres of the studied authors combine philosophical and journalisticfeatures.

They include reactions to the current events, expressions of the writer’sopinion and philosophical content in a proper sense. It’s worth to mention Herzen’sseries of articles “Dilettantism in Science” and “Letters on the Study of Nature”.43They were followed by the articles written in 1848-1851 that contain hisconsiderations about contemporary revolutions. Herzen described the events andhis own experience and also he elaborated on the nature and causes of revolutions.These articles made up books “From the Other Shore” and “Letters from Franceand Italy”44.

Theorizing about the subject continued in his “On the Development ofRevolutionary Ideas in Russia” and “My Past and Thoughts”. The later one is his43Herzen A.I. Diletantizm v nauke // Sobraniye sochineniy: in 30 vols. M., 1954. Vol. 3. P. 5–88; Herzen A.I. Pis'ma ob izuchenii prirody // Ibid. P. 89–315.44Herzen A.I. Pis'ma iz Frantsii i Italii // Sobraniye sochineniy: in 30 vols. M., 1955. Vol.