Ильин А.А. Summary (История понятия «революция» у А.И. Герцена и М.А. Бакунина), страница 2

Chukovskaja, L.Ya. Ginzburg, E.N.Dryzhakova were also members of editorial board16.There were a few other interpretations besides soviet one. I. Berlin and hisdisciples from the Oxford university insisted that Herzen was a sober and moderatethinker, who realized poor consequences of revolutions quite well17. Berlin wasProblemy izucheniya Herzena / ed. by Yu.G. Oksman. М., 1963.Nechkina M.V. "Zemlya i volya" 1860–kh godov // Istoriya SSSR. 1957.

№ 1. P. 105–133.15Pirumova N.M. Aleksandr Herzen – revolyutsioner, myslitel', chelovek. M., 1989; Porokh I.V.Polemika Herzena s Chicherinym i otklik na neye v “Sovremennike” // Istoriograficheskiysbornik. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1965. Vyp. 2. P. 45–75; BushkanetsYe.G. O dvukh “pis'makh” v redaktsiyu “Kolokola” // Literaturnoye nasledstvo / ed. by A.N.Dubovikov, L.R.

Lanskoy, N.A. Roskina, N.D. Efros. M., 1956. Vol. 63. P. 212–219; Eydel'manN.Ya. Herzen protiv samoderzhaviya (sekretnaya politicheskaya istoriya Rossii XVIII–XIXvekov i Vol'naya russkaya pechat'). M., 1973; Prokof'yev V.A. Herzen. M., 1979.16Putintsev V.A. Herzen–pisatel. М., 1963; Chukovskaya L.K. “Byloe i dumy” Herzena. M.,1966; Ginzburg L.Ya. “Byloe i dumy” Herzena. M., 1957; Herzen A.I. Sobranie sochinenij: in 30vol.

/ ed. by V.P. Volgin et al. M., 1954–1965. Vol. 1–30.17Berlin I. Herzen i Bakunin o svobode lichnosti // Istoriya svobody. Rossiya. M., 2001. P. 85–126. See: Ignatieff M. Isaiah Berlin: A Life. N. Y., 1998. P. 71.1314supported by A. Kelly and E. Acton18. Also А. Walicki experienced the influenceof Berlin, his supervisor at the Oxford University19.Regardless of the interpretation, the habitual aim of the studies in Herzen’sideas was to find intrinsic system in it and to fit it into one of the contemporaryintellectual directions. O. Sperber, A.I.

Volodin, Z.V. Smirnova, V.A. Malinin anda few others adhered to this approach20. Many of these works were multilateral andscrupulous, albeit they suffered from the lack of contextual sensitivity.Bakunin studies are akin to that of Herzen21. Subsequent researchers aregreatly indebted to J. Guillaume, disciple and friend of Bakunin. He gatheredteacher’s archive and published his works along with documents on the Firstinternational22. He was assisted by the prominent historian of anarchism andbiographer of Bakunin M. Nettlau23.Nettlau carefully traced a history of Bakunin’s intellectual development, buthe saw it as a path to anarchism, that he presented as holistic and hardlychangeable phenomenon with centuries-old history24.

Unfortunately, this large-18Kelly A. Views from the Other Shore: Essays on Herzen, Chekhov, and Bakhtin. New Haven,1999; Eadem. Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers Between Necessity and Chance. NewHaven, 1998; Eadem. The Discovery of Chance: The Life and Thought of Alexander Herzen.Cambridge, 2016; Acton E.

Alexander Herzen and the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary.Cambridge, 1979.19Walicki А. Filosofiya prava russkogo liberalizma. M., 2012. P. 17; Walicki А. Istoriya russkojmysli ot prosveshheniya do marksizma. M., 2013. P. 143–149, 177–195.20Sperber O. Die socialpolitischen Ideen Alexander Herzens. Leipzig, 1894; Volodin A.I. Herzen.M., 1970; Smirnova Z.V. Op. cit.; Pavlov S.I.

Sotsial'naya filosofiya A.I. Herzena. Murmansk,2011; Malinin V.А. Filosofiya revolyutsionnogo narodnichestva. M., 1972. See also: GalaktionovA.A., Nikandrov P.F. Ideologiya russkogo narodnichestva. Leningrad, 1966; Pantin I.K., PlimakE.G., Khoros V.G. Revolyutsionnaya traditsiya v Rossii: 1783–1883 gg. M., 1986.21For the most detailed review of literature see: Kamiński A. Michaił Bakunin. Życie i myśl: w 3t. Wrocław, 2012–2013.

T. 1. S. 22–80.22Guillaume J. L’Internationale, documents et souvenirs: en 4 vol. Paris, 1905–1910. Vol. 1–4.23Bakounine M. Oeuvres: en 6 t. / ed. par J. Guillaume, M. Nettlau. Paris, P.–V. Stock, 1895–1913. See: Nettlau M. Zhizn' i tvorchestvo Mikhaila Bakunina. M.; Petrograd, 1920.

Hismonumental biography of Bakunin has never been published. It exists only as a lithographedhandwritten text. Digital copy is available online: Nettlau M. Michael Bakunin. Eine Biographie.[electronicresource]URL:http://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH01001/ArchiveContentList#A684a22aa5b.24See: Nettlau M. Ocherki po istorii anarkhicheskikh idej. Detroit: Profsoyuz g. Detrojta, 1951.scale approach to some extent overshadowed concrete ideas, circumstances,Bakunin’s relationships with contemporaries and their mutual influences.A.

Lehning continued collection and publication of sources that had beeninitiated by Guillaume and Nettlau25. Lehining led the project of Internationalinstitute of social History (IISH) at Amsterdam for publishing the materials for thebiography of Bakunin that aimed to complete the old Collected Works. Hiscommentaries and introductory articles, in fact, made up a separate substantiveresearch26. The main result of IISH activities was a publication of complete worksof Bakunin in 2000.

It was designed as a CD with digital texts and additionalmaterials27.Guillaume, Nettlau and Lehining scrutinized biography of Bakunin mainlyin context of Western European revolutionary movement. Their notable successorA. Kamiński wrote a more diverse work, that covers extensively early Russian earsof Bakunin, unfortunately it is to be completed and now covers only Bakunin’s lifeup to 186428. Soviet scholars predictably paid way more attention to the Russianties of Bakunin. For instance, soviet biographer and historian of the firstInternational Yu.M. Steklov and editor of the 3-volumed Materials for thebiography of anarchist V.P. Polonskiy presented him as a predecessor ofBolshevism and prophet of the Russian revolution29. Interest in Bakunin reborn in1950-60-s after a period of several decades of oblivion.

N.M. Pirumova was a mostinfluential soviet specialist of the postwar period, she wrote a biographical studyand inquiry into “social doctrine” of Bakunin30.25Lehning A. From Buonarroti to Bakunin. Leiden, 1970; Bakounine et les autres / ed. par A.Lehning. Paris, 1976.26Archives Bakounine: en 7 vol. / ed. par A. Lehning. Leiden, 1961–1981. Vol. 1–7.27Bakounine M. Оeuvres complètes [electronic resourse]. Amsterdam: International Institute ofSocial History, Netherlands Institute for Scientific Information Services, Royal NetherlandsAcademy of Arts and Sciences, 2000. CD–ROM.28Kamiński A.

Michaił Bakunin. Życie i myśl: w 3 t. Wrocław, 2012–2013. T. 1–2.29Steklov Yu.M. Mikhail Аleksandrovich Bakunin, ego zhizn' i deyatel'nost'. 1814–1876: in 4vols. M., 1926–1927; Materialy dlya biografii M. Bakunina: in 3 vols. / ed. by V.P. Polonskij.М., 1933. Vol. 1–3.30Pirumova N.M. Bakunin. M., 1970; Eadem. Sotsial'naya doktrina M.A. Bakunina. M., 1990.There were several topics attracted researcher’s attention.

Scholarsfrequently examined the role of bakunists in the First international and relations oftheir leader with Marx31. Likewise, cooperation between Bakunin and odiousrevolutionary S.G. Nechaev and probable similarity of their ideas became a topicof heated debate32. Some of the Bakunin’s biographers sought to find explanationswith the psychological and even psychopathological interpretations 33, scrutinizinghis childhood and personal traits34.Although Bakunin refuted philosophy for the sake of practice in young age,studies in the intellectual heritage of the revolutionary occupy a special place inliterature. It’s worth to note a monograph by P. McLaughlin, who is the only one tooffer a general survey of Bakunin’s philosophical views35.

There are also a lot ofworks devoted to particular aspects of Bakunin’s theory36.31Eckhardt W. The First Socialist Schism: Bakunin vs. Marx in the International Working Men'sAssociation. Oakland, 2016; Steklov Yu.M. Op. cit. Vols. 3–4; Mikhajlov M.I. Bor'ba protivBakunizma v I Internatsionale. M., 1976; Lehning A. Introduction // Archives Bakounine. MichelBakounine et les conflits dans l'Internationale 1872. Textes établis et annotés par ArthurLehning.

Leiden, 1965. P. IX–LX; Woodcock G. Anarchism. A history of Libertarian Ideas andMovements. Cleveland, 1962; Brupbacher F. Marx und Bakunin. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte derInternationalen Arbeiterassoziation. Berlin, 1922.32Engel B. Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in Nineteenth–Century Russia.Evanston, 2000. P. 215. All the documents on Nechaev affair, discovered by M.

Confino and A.Lehning were translated into Russian and published: Zhitomirskaya S.V., Pirumova N.M.Ogarev, Bakunin i N.A. Herzen–doch' v “nechayevskoy” istorii (1870 g.) // Literaturnoyenasledstvo. M., 1985. Vol. 96. P. 413–546.33Malinin I. Kompleks Edipa i sud'ba Mikhaila Bakunina. K voprosu o psikhologii Bunta.Belgrade, 1934; Katler R. Bakunin i psikhobiografy: Anarkhist kak mificheskiy i istoricheskiyob"yekt // Klio. 2010.

№ 2. P. 115–124.34Carr E. Michael Bakunin. London, 1975; Kelly A. Mikhail Bakunin: A Study in thePsychology and Politics of Utopianism. New Haven, 1987.35McLaughlin P. Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of His Theory of Anarchism. N. Y.,2002.36Grafskij V.G. Mikhail Bakunin. M., 1985; Moiseev P.I. Kritika filosofii M.А. Bakunina isovremennost'. Irkutsk, 1981; Ryabov P.V. Problema lichnosti i filosofii klassicheskogoanarkhizma: dis. … kand.