Reading Essentials for Biology Glencoe, страница 3

understands the mechanisms of asexual and sexual reproduction and knows the different geneticadvantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.2. knows that every cell contains a “blueprint”coded in DNA molecules that specify how proteins are assembled to regulate cells.3. understands the mechanisms of change (e.g.,mutation and natural selection) that lead to adaptations in a species and their ability to survivenaturally in changing conditions and to increasespecies diversity.How Living Things Interact withTheir EnvironmentStandard 1:The student understands the competitive,interdependent, cyclic nature of living things inthe environment.(SC.G.1.4)1. knows of the great diversity and interdependenceof living things.2.

understands how the flow of energy through anecosystem made up of producers, consumers,and decomposers carries out the processes of lifeand that some energy dissipates as heat and is notrecycled.3. knows that the chemical elements that make upthe molecules of living things are combined andrecombined in different ways.Standard 2:The student understands the consequences of usinglimited natural resources. (SC.G.2.4)1. knows that layers of energy-rich organic materials have been gradually turned into great coalbedsand oil pools (fossil fuels) by the pressure ofthe overlying earth and that humans burn fossilfuels to release the stored energy as heat and carbon dioxide.2. knows that changes in a component of an ecosystem will have unpredictable effects on the entiresystem but that the components of the systemtend to react in a way that will restore the ecosystem to its original condition.3.

understands how genetic variation of offspringcontributes to population control in an environment and that natural selection ensures thatthose who are best adapted to their surroundingssurvive to reproduce.4. knows that the world ecosystems are shaped byphysical factors that limit their productivity.5. understands that the amount of life any environment can support is limited and that humanactivities can change the flow of energy andreduce the fertility of the Earth.6. knows the ways in which humans today are placing their environmental support systems at risk(e.g., rapid human population growth, environmental degradation, and resource depletion).The Nature of ScienceStandard 1:The student uses the scientific processes and habitsof mind to solve problems.

(SC.H.1.4)1. knows that investigations are conducted toexplore new phenomena, to check on previousresults, to test how well a theory predicts, and tocompare different theories.2. knows that from time to time, major shifts occurixSunshine StateState StandardsStandardsSunshine4.5.6.7.Standard 2:The student understands that most natural eventsoccur in comprehensible, consistent patterns.(SC.H.2.4)1. knows that scientists assume that the universe isa vast system in which basic rules exist that mayrange from very simple to extremely complex,but that scientists operate on the belief that therules can be discovered by careful, systemicstudy.2. knows that scientists control conditions in orderto obtain evidence, but when that is not possiblefor practical or ethical reasons, they try toobserve a wide range of natural occurrences todiscern patterns.xStandard 3:The student understands that science, technology,and society are interwoven and interdependent.(SC.H.3.4)1.

knows that performance testing is often conducted using small-scale models, computer simulations, or analogous systems to reduce thechance of system failure.2. knows that technological problems often create ademand for new scientific knowledge and thatnew technologies make it possible for scientiststo extend their research in a way that advancesscience.3. knows that scientists can bring information,insights, and analytical skills to matters of publicconcern and help people understand the possiblecauses and effects of events.4.

knows that funds for science research come fromfederal government agencies, industry, and private foundations and that this funding ofteninfluences the areas of discovery.5. knows that the value of a technology may differfor different people and at different times.6. knows that scientific knowledge is used by thosewho engage in design and technology to solvepractical problems, taking human values and limitations into account.Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.3.in the scientific view of how the world works, butthat more often the changes that take place in thebody of scientific knowledge are small modifications of prior knowledge.understands that no matter how well one theoryfits observations, a new theory might fit them aswell or better, or might fit a wider range ofobservations, because in science, the testing,revising, and occasional discarding of theories,new and old, never ends and leads to an increasingly better understanding of how things work inthe world, but not to absolute truth.knows that scientists in any one research grouptend to see things alike and that therefore scientific teams are expected to seek out the possiblesources of bias in the design of their investigations and in their data analysis.understands that new ideas in science are limitedby the context in which they are conceived, areoften rejected by the scientific establishment,sometimes spring from unexpected findings, andusually grow slowly from many contributors.understands that, in the short run, new ideas thatdo not mesh well with mainstream ideas in scienceoften encounter vigorous criticism and that, in thelong run, theories are judged by how they fit withother theories, the range of observations theyexplain, how well they explain observations, andhow effective they are in predicting new findings.understands the importance of a sense of responsibility, a commitment to peer review, truthfulreporting of the methods and outcomes of investigations, and making the public aware of thefindings.NameDateClassSection1.1 What is biology?SC.F.1.4.7 The student knows that organisms respond to internal and external stimuli.

Also covers SC.D.2.4.1,SC.G.1.4.1, SC.H.3.4.3, SC.H.3.4.6◗ Before You ReadWhen you hear the word biology, what do you think of? In the space below, make a list of some ofthe topics you think you will learn about as you study biology.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________◗ Read to LearnCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.The Science of BiologyBiology is the study of life.

When you study biology you willlearn about all of the different kinds of living things. You willlearn where they live, what they are like, how they depend oneach other, and how they behave.One of the main ideas in biology is that living things dependon each other. They are part of what is called the balance ofnature.

All living things interact with other living things andwith the world they live in. Without these relationships, nothingwould survive.Humans need plants and animals to supply us with food andraw materials, such as wood, oil, and cotton. Plants provide theoxygen in our air.Create a Quiz After youhave read this section, createa five-question quiz based onwhat you have learned. Then,partner with another studentand exchange quizzes. Aftertaking the quizzes, reviewyour answers together.Biologists Study the Diversity of LifeThe study of one living thing always involves studying otherliving things.

Knowing how human life depends on nature andother living things is the only way that humans can expect tounderstand how to keep Earth healthy. With this knowledge,researchers can find ways to prevent diseases. Scientists can alsofind ways to help save living things that are in danger of becoming extinct and solve other problems.1. What is biology?________________________________________________________________________READING ESSENTIALSChapter 11NameDateClassSection1.1What is biology?, continuedCharacteristics ofLiving ThingsSometimes it is difficult to tellthe difference between living andnonliving things.

At times, nonliving things have one or more ofthe characteristics of life, but it isnecessary to have all of the characteristics of life to be consideredliving. Things that have all of thecharacteristics of life are known asorganisms. All organisms aremade of one or more cells. Eachcell contains the genetic materialDNA that has the informationneeded to control the life processesof the organism.2. What is a species?________________________________________________________________________2Chapter 1One of the first things biologists look for when they are searching for characteristics of life is structure, or organization.Whether an organism is made of a single cell or billions of cells,all of its parts work together in an orderly living system.Another important characteristic of life is reproduction.

Reproduction is the ability of an organism to make more of the sametype of organism. The new organisms that are made are calledoffspring. Although reproduction is not needed for the survival ofan individual organism, it must occur for the continuation of theorganism’s species. A species (SPEE sheez) consists of a groupof organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspringthat are able to reproduce.

For example, there are many species ofcrocodiles including the American crocodile, the Australian freshwater crocodile, and the saltwater crocodile. American crocodilesreproduce only American crocodiles. Without reproduction, thespecies would die out.Another characteristic of life is that growth and developmentmust take place. An organism begins life as a single cell.

As timepasses, it grows and develops. As growth and development takeplace, the organism takes on the characteristics of its species.Growth results in the formation of new structures and an increasein the amount of living material. Development refers to thechanges that occur in each organism’s life.READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What are the characteristics of life?NameDateClassSection1.1What is biology?, continuedOne more characteristic of life is the ability to adjust to surroundings, or the environment.