Language_Leader_Int_Binder (Language Leader Intermediate), страница 13

Then choose the correct rule in eachcase. The first one is done as an example.1There are usually 90 undergraduate engineering students each year in our universityand approximately one in six of these are --- women. (nothing – Rule 9)2The bacteria work at high temperatures and this process produces methane.12methane can then be used to heat the water so it becomesself-sufficientprocess.3There are two types of undergraduate engineering degrees in this university.4undergraduate degree plusMEng lasts for four years and is equivalent to6BEng lasts for three years and is purely undergraduate.Master’s degree.7Master’s degree for one year to make this into aStudents need to dopostgraduate qualification.489Bangladesh,Tanzania andnatural pollutants in the environment.1156121035UK all have geological problems withworst case of environmental pollution in recent history is probably stillChernobyl disaster.Using clay pots to filter water can help14cheap local products.13people clean their own water usingRule 1a / anwhen we mention something (a singular noun) for the first timeRule 2a / anwhen something is just one example of manyRule 3thewhen we refer to something that has been mentioned beforeRule 4thewith the names of some countriesRule 5thewith the names of some geographical featuresRule 6thewith superlativesRule 7thewhen there is only one of somethingRule 8thewhen we know which thing the speaker/writer refers toRule 9nothing with general plural countable nounsRule 10nothing when we refer to something (a plural noun) for the first timeRule 11nothing with the names of towns and cities, and most countriesWord combinations and verb patterns2 Match the verbs in the first box with the most appropriate words and phrases in thesecond box.

There may be more than one possibility.Example: to attract someone to somethingto harness / to offer / to improve / to find / to attract / to create / to follow / to pursue / toreach / to achievea solution / the power of something / people’s lives / alternatives / someone to something /an opportunity / a dream / an ambition / your target / your goalCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education.All rights reserved.www.pearsonlongman.com/languageleader/UNIT 9: LANGUAGE PRACTICETEACHER’S NOTESAim:Time:Materials:to give further practice in articles and their rules;to develop further awareness of collocations and verb patterns.This worksheet is designed to be used after Lesson 9.3.15 to 60 minutesphotocopies of the worksheet for each studentArticles1Make sure students are aware of the four types of articles.

Students fill the gaps andselect the appropriate rule that explains the article use. Some may be open todiscussion.213348511The (Rule 6) / 12 the (Rule 7 or 8)613nothing (Rule 9) / 14 nothing (Rule 10)the (Rule 3) / 2 a (Rule 2)The (Rule 8 – it is the degree in ’this university‘) / 4 an (Rule 2) / 5 a (Rule 2) / 6 The(Rule 8 – it is the degree in ’this university‘) / 7 a (Rule 2)nothing (Rule 11) / 9 nothing (Rule 11) / 10 the (Rule 4)Word combinations and verb patterns2Students match the verbs with the most appropriate words and patternsto harness the power of something; to offer a solution; to offer an opportunity; to offeralternatives; to improve people’s lives; to find a solution; to find alternatives; to attractsomeone to something; to create an opportunity; to follow a dream; to follow anambition; to pursue alternatives; to pursue a dream; to pursue an ambition; to pursueyour goal; to reach your target; to reach your goal; to achieve a solution; to achieve anambition; to achieve your target; to achieve your goalPossible follow-up activities1Students create their own sentences using Exercise 1 as a model.

They use thesame box of rules and add gaps to their own texts. Students swap sentences, dotheir partner’s and then check together and feedback.2Students choose any text and try to apply the 11 rules in Exercise 1 to all the articlesin the text.3Students create sentences using the word combinations and verb patterns inExercise 2. They can then gap the word combinations and phrases and give these toa partner to recycle the vocabulary.4Challenge students to write a paragraph using at least three of the verb patterns/wordcombinations from Exercise 2.5Students use dictionaries to look for more words that are typically used with the verbsin Exercise 2. Alternatively, they can search for other verbs that are often used withthese words.Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education.All rights reserved.www.pearsonlongman.com/languageleader/UNIT 9: READINGRead the article from a magazine for high school students who are thinking aboutgoing to university.

Complete the activities below.CIVIL ENGINEERING: IT’S NOT ALL BRICKS AND METALAsk anyone in the street what civil engineering isand the most likely reply will involve metal orconcrete. In other words, most people associateengineering with bridges, roads, buildings andfactories.

We are not taught about engineering inschool, so why should people consider anythingelse?Structural, geotechnical and transportengineering are certainly three important strandsof civil engineering and without them, we wouldnot have houses to live in or roads to travel homeon. But civil engineering extends further than this.Indeed, it can be viewed as something thatcovers everything you need in life.One area of civil engineering that has becomeincreasingly important and popular in recentyears is environmental engineering. Interestingly,the growth of this area seems to have attractedincreasing numbers of women into engineeringcareers.Dr Charlotte Paterson, a lecturer inEnvironmental Engineering at the School of CivilEngineering and Geosciences at NewcastleUniversity, paints an interesting picture ofenvironmental engineering through her ownexperience and specialisation: waste stabilisationponds.Dr Paterson spent several years in the late 1990sdoing field work in Tanzania and Australia for herPhD.

This research may sound like an excitingand romantic opportunity for a youngacademic. However, Dr Paterson is quick to pointout that she spent most of this time floating in asmall boat on ponds containing sewage.If the aim of civil and environmental engineeringis to use the forces and power of nature for thebenefit of mankind, then waste stabilisation pondsprovide the perfect example of this in action.

Thisway of treating sewage uses a natural processwhich exploits the energy of the sun and bacteriato clean dirty water.How does it work? Sewage treatment systemsneed to be given good conditions for thebiodegradation of waste. This is usually done byadding oxygen to the water which can beachieved by mixing the water mechanically. Analternative method, however, is to use solarpower.With this solar-powered method, algae are grownon the pond. The algae produce oxygen and theorganic pollutants in the water are eventuallybroken down. The clean liquid is then separatedfrom the dirtier solids which are removed to betreated.

This offers a low-cost solution to aproblem that affects billions of people worldwide.This is one example of an environmentalengineering technology that can improve the livesof many people worldwide. As Dr Paterson pointsout, one of the main aims of her own area ofexpertise is to find solutions for the billions ofpeople who have neither clean water noradequate sanitation.1 Read the text and choose the best of the three summaries below.Summary 1 Civil engineering can be broken down into four strands: structural,geotechnical, transport and environmental engineering. Women are morelikely to choose environmental engineering.Summary 2 Environmental engineering is a growing part of civil engineering which aimsto provide solutions to real problems around the world using naturalresources.Summary 3 Waste stabilisation ponds work by using the power of the sun to clean water.This is an excellent example of the growing use of natural resources byenvironmental engineers to solve real world problems.Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education.All rights reserved.www.pearsonlongman.com/languageleader/2Based on the content of the article, decide if the following statements are true orfalse.

If the information is not given in the article, write ‘not given’.1Civil engineering is a narrow subject that does not affect our daily lives.2The growth in civil engineering in recent years has attracted more women to it.3Dr Paterson’s field research was neither exciting nor romantic.4The bacteria for waste stabilisation ponds are obtained from sewage.5The article describes two methods of adding oxygen to the polluted water.6The remaining solids in the treatment process are taken away to be used inagriculture.7Waste stabilisation ponds offer a solution to a worldwide problem.3 How many passive verbs can you find in the article? Underline them.