1629373397-425d4de58b7aea127ffc7c337418ea8d (Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Francis F. Chen)

Francis F. ChenIntroduction toPlasma Physicsand ControlledFusionThird EditionIntroduction to Plasma Physics and ControlledFusionFrancis F. ChenIntroduction to PlasmaPhysics and ControlledFusionThird EditionFrancis F. ChenElectrical EngineeringUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USAISBN 978-3-319-22308-7ISBN 978-3-319-22309-4DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-22309-4(eBook)Library of Congress Control Number: 2015959696Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016, corrected publication 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar ordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.

in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.Printed on acid-free paperSpringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media(www.springer.com)PrefaceIt has been 30 years since the Second Edition.

Plasma physics has grown so muchthat the temptation is to include all that’s new, but I haven’t done that. This is a bookfor those learning plasma physics for the first time and could care less about the finepoints. The basics remain the same, but new areas have arisen: dusty plasmas andplasma accelerators, for instance, and these subjects had to be added.

The semiconductor industry has sprouted since the 1980s, affecting all our lives. Computerchips cannot be made without plasmas, but these are partially ionized,radiofrequency ones, which are new. I’ve spent 25 years helping to make theseindustrial plasmas into an interesting subject, one that was previously avoidedbecause it was too messy. Meanwhile, Al Gore has warned us about globalwarming. The best solution to this, and to energy shortage, is of course hydrogenfusion. With the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) projectgoing swimmingly in southern France, we are on schedule to get a fusion reactor by2050. In laser fusion, the NIF (National Ignition Facility) at Livermore can focusthe entire energy output of the United States onto a pinpoint for a fraction of ananosecond to get inertial fusion.

It is a technical achievement without peer, but sofar we don’t have a laser that can pulse rapidly enough. Fusion plasma physics wasplanned to be Vol. 2 of this textbook; and, in answer to so many questions, it is stillin future plans. The job will be easier now that I have written An IndispensableTruth, How Fusion Power Can Save the Planet, which includes a chapter on fusionphysics.On the personal side, you will remember from the second edition that the “poet”(my father, who used to recite Chinese poetry from memory) had passed away, andthat the “eternal scholar” (my mother) had finally gotten her Ph.D. at 72.

She livedto 99 and died with a smile on her face. I myself am now 85, happily married for49 years to artist Ande (Edna backwards), and we have two daughters and a son:Sheryl, a Cistercian nun in Norway; Patricia, a dancer and English teacher inFrance; and Bob, a chemical oceanography professor and education expert atUMass Boston, as well as an active soccer coach. We have four granddaughters,vviPrefacethe three Boston ones being third-generation soccer players, and the French one afour-language linguist and former equestrian.Finally, I would like to thank all the instructors and students who have used thesecond edition and have pointed out errors and made suggestions for improvement.Los Angeles, CA2015Francis F.

ChenContents1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1Occurrence of Plasmas in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2Definition of Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .1.3Concept of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4Debye Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5The Plasma Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6Criteria for Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7Applications of Plasma Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.1Gas Discharges (Gaseous Electronics) . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.2Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.3Space Physics . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.4Modern Astrophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.5MHD Energy Conversion and Ion Propulsion . . . . . . . .1.7.6Solid State Plasmas . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.7Gas Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.8Particle Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.9Industrial Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.10 Atmospheric Plasmas . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11247111112131314141516161717172Single-Particle Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .2.2Uniform E and B Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.1E¼0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.2Finite E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .2.2.3Gravitational Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3Nonuniform B Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1∇B⊥B: Grad-B Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2Curved B: Curvature Drift . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.3∇BjjB: Magnetic Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19191919212426262829viiviiiContents2.42.52.62.72.8Nonuniform E Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Time-Varying E Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Time-Varying B Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary of Guiding Center Drifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Adiabatic Invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .2.8.1The First Adiabatic Invariant, μ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8.2The Second Adiabatic Invariant, J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8.3The Third Adiabatic Invariant, Ф . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35373941424244473Plasmas as Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2Relation of Plasma Physics to Ordinary Electromagnetics . . . . .3.2.1Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.2Classical Treatment of Magnetic Materials . .

. . . . . . . .3.2.3Classical Treatment of Dielectrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.4The Dielectric Constant of a Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3The Fluid Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .3.3.1The Convective Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.2The Stress Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.3Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.4Comparison with Ordinary Hydrodynamics . . . .

. . . . .3.3.5Equation of Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.6Equation of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.7The Complete Set of Fluid Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4Fluid Drifts Perpendicular to B . . . . . . . . . . . . .