💯 Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции Синергия Ответы на тесты 1-8, итоговый тест, компетентностный

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УЧЕБНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

• Введение в курс
• Тема 1. What is Law? (Что такое Закон?)
• Тема 2. Law Systems. (Правовые системы.)
• Тема 3. Areas of Law. (Области права.)
• Тема 4. Legal Profession. (Профессия юриста.)
• Тема 5. English Court. (Английский суд.)
• Тема 6. Starting Action in Court. (Подача иска в суд.)
• Тема 7. Law of Tort. (Деликтное право.)
• Тема 8. Heads of Tort. (Руководители деликтных компаний.)
• Заключение
• Итоговая аттестация

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СПИСОК ВОПРОСОВ:

ТЕСТ 1

… is a body of laws governing private rights and obligations, primarily derived from Roman law and codified statutes.

… is a historical document from 1217 that established limits on the powers of the king and laid the groundwork for individual legal rights and liberties.

… is a legal system developed in England based on court precedents and judicial decisions rather than statutory laws.

… is an established and accepted way of behavior in defined circumstances that develops into a norm within a society.

… is an individual or a body responsible for creating, amending, and enacting laws on behalf of the state.

… is legal responsibility for one’s actions or failures to act, which may result in penalties, damages, or the obligation to compensate for harm caused.

According to Salmond, law is defined as …

• A set of moral principles
• A body of principles recognized and applied by the State
• Customs that evolve over time
• Rules created by local communities

Arrange the following influences on the development of law in chronological order:
1 Alfred the Great’s accession influenced Anglo-Saxon law.
2 The church played a large part in Anglo-Saxon governance.
3 Roman Emperor Justinian produced codes in the 7th century.
4 The Norman Conquest introduced Roman law to England.

Laws are considered essential for society because …

• They provide entertainment.
• They encourage people to act selfishly.
• They allow people to avoid responsibilities and never be considered guilty.
• They are necessary for maintaining order and regulating behavior.

Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
A. Constitutions are …
B. Administrative regulations are …
C. International law refers to …
D. Treaties are …
E. written laws enacted by legislative bodies.
F. rules created by government agencies.
G. laws that govern relations between nations
H. agreements between countries.

Match the principles of law with its purposes
A. Establishing standards
B. Maintaining order
C. Resolving disputes
D. Protecting rights
E. Defines acceptable behavior and offenses
F. Ensures peace and justice in society
G. Provides a framework for conflict resolution
H. Safeguards individual liberties against infringement

Match the statements with its descriptions
A. Laws set the standard for acceptable (and unacceptable) behaviors.
B. Laws provide access to justice.
C. Laws keep everyone safe.
D. Laws make human rights a reality.
E. Laws are important for social progress.
F. Laws establish societal norms and define what behaviors are considered illegal, addressing conflicts and societal issues.
G. Laws facilitate a legal recourse for those harmed, ensuring that justice is pursued regardless of social status.
H. Laws play a vital role in protecting individuals from harm, exemplified by regulations in the food industry to ensure safety.
I. Laws enshrine fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to, promoting equality and justice.
J. Laws drive societal change and advancement, challenging oppressive practices and promoting equality in various aspects of life.

Put the following documents in chronological order based on their significance:
1 The Charter of the Forest was created.
2 Magna Carta was first used in 1217.
3 The term "Magna Carta" was introduced.
4 Copies of Magna Carta were sent out to be read in each county.

Put the following events of the development of law in chronological order:
1 Local customs were the primary regulations for social relations.
2 The Anglo-Saxon law governed most matters in England.
3 The common law system in England began to develop after the Norman Conquest in 1066.
4 The influence of Roman law on England began with the Norman Conquest.

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. Text: Alex, a college student, recently rented an apartment near campus. After moving in, Alex discovered several issues: the heating system was broken, and there were leaks in the bathroom. Concerned about these problems, Alex contacted the landlord multiple times but received no response. Frustrated, Alex decided to research tenant rights. Through this research, Alex learned that local housing laws require landlords to maintain safe and habitable living conditions. With this knowledge, Alex sent a formal letter outlining the issues and referencing the relevant laws, demanding prompt repairs. After receiving the letter, the landlord quickly arranged for repairs. Alex felt empowered knowing that understanding the law helped resolve the situation effectively. Question: What is one of the key roles of law in Alex’s situation?

• To allow landlords to ignore maintenance requests without consequences.
• To provide a means for tenants to understand their rights and seek resolution.
• To complicate the relationship between tenants and landlords.

The common law system in England began to develop in …

• 5th Century AD
• 871 AD
• 1066 AD
• 1217 AD

The development of new codes of law in various countries was influenced by …

• Local customs
• the Roman Emperor Justinian
• Anglo-Saxon laws
• The church

The primary origin of most rules of law is …

• Religious texts
• Settled customs
• International treaties
• Government mandates

The term "Magna Carta" is translated in English as …

• Great Document
• Great Charter
• Royal Decree
• Ancient Law

ТЕСТ 2

… is a popular assembly elected in the UK for a term of not more than 5 years by almost universal adult suffrage.

"Jurisprudence" refers to …

• The study of laws and legal systems
• The practice of law in courts
• The enforcement of laws by authorities
• The development of new laws

A characteristic of common law systems is …

• Codified statutes
• Reliance on judicial precedents
• Emphasis on religious texts
• Fixed legal customs

A legal system that is known for its reliance on written codes and statutes is called …

• Common law
• Islamic law
• Civil law
• Customary law

A term which refers to the body of laws that govern private rights and obligations is called …

• Public law
• Criminal law
• Civil law
• Administrative law

If someone is accused of a crime, they have the right to a … trial.

In a criminal case, the … must prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

In civil law systems, the primary source of law is …

• Judicial decisions
• Legislation
• Customary practices
• Administrative regulations

Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
A. Customary law is primarily based on …
B. Religious legal systems derive their authority from …
C. Mixed legal systems often combine elements of …
D. In many customary law systems, disputes are resolved by …
E. long-standing traditions and practices.
F. sacred texts and religious doctrines.
G. various legal traditions and practices.
H. the community leaders or elders.

Match the concepts of common law with their implications:
A. Adversarial System
B. Discovery
C. Burden of Proof
D. Legal Key Terms
E. Equity
F. A system where two opposing parties present their case
G. A pre-trial procedure for gathering evidence
H. The obligation of one party to prove allegations
I. Terms that are crucial for understanding legal documents
J. A body of law that provides remedies not available in common law

Match the countries with their legal systems:
A. United States
B. France
C. Saudi Arabia
D. India
E. Japan
F. Common Law
G. Civil Law
H. Religious Law
I. Mixed Legal System
J. Civil Law influenced by Customary Law

Match the key characteristics of continental law with examples:
A. Written Codes
B. Inquisitorial System
C. Oral Hearings
D. Legal Certainty
E. Principle of Proportionality
F. Laws are documented in comprehensive legal codes
G. Judges actively investigate cases and question witnesses
H. Procedures where parties present their cases orally in court
I. The expectation of predictable and stable law
J. Legal outcomes that do not exceed the bounds of necessity

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. Text: John was wrongfully convicted of theft based on faulty eyewitness testimony and inadequate legal representation. After serving two years in prison, new evidence emerged that proved his innocence. John is now considering a lawsuit against the state for the wrongful conviction, seeking compensation for the time he lost and the emotional distress he experienced. Question: What legal principle is most applicable to John's situation?

• Due Process Violation
• Negligence
• Breach of Contract

The … is responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring justice is served.

The judicial power belongs to … .

The principle of … ensures that similar cases are treated alike in the legal system.

The purpose of legal norms is …

• To provide guidelines for behaviour
• To establish moral values
• To create historical records
• To promote political agendas

ТЕСТ 3

… refers to ordinances and regulations enacted by local government entities, such as cities, towns, or counties.

A key difference between international law and domestic law is …

• International law is more complex than domestic law, and thus requires more professional lawyers.
• International law regulates relations between states, while domestic law regulates relations within a state.
• Domestic law is always enforced more strictly than international law.
• International law applies only to governments, while domestic law applies to individuals.

An example of a source of national law is …

• Local ordinances in the nation
• International treaties
• Statutes enacted by legislative bodies
• Private contracts

Arrange the stages of criminal proceedings in the correct sequence:
1 Arrest
2 Investigation
3 Arraignment
4 Trial
5 Sentencing

Federal law is …

• Laws that only apply to one state
• Laws created by local governments
• Laws established by the national government that apply uniformly across all states
• Laws that are only applicable to federal employees

Match the areas of law with their definitions:
A. Criminal Law
B. Civil Law
C. Contract Law
D. Family Law
E. Property Law
F. Tort Law
G. Administrative Law
H. The branch of law concerning crimes and punishments.
I. The body of law governing disputes between private individuals, including obligations and liabilities.
J. The area of law that governs agreements and promises between parties.
K. The area of law that deals with family-related issues such as marriage and custody.
L. The field of law related to the ownership and use of property.
M. The body of law dealing with civil wrongs arising from wrongful acts.
N. The area of law regulating the actions of governmental agencies and their interactions with citizens.

Match the terms with their definitions:
A. Law of Contract
B. Company Law
C. Land Law
D. Law of Trust
E. Employment Law
F. Regulates the formation, enforcement, and breach of agreements between parties.
G. Governs the formation, operation, and dissolution of companies and corporations.
H. Deals with the ownership, use, and transfer of real property.
I. Concerns the legal relationships involving trusts, trustees, and beneficiaries.
J. Governs the rights and obligations of employers and employees.

Match the terms with their definitions:
A. Treaty
B. Claimant
C. Action
D. State
E. An offence
F. A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states.
G. A person or entity that makes a claim, especially in a legal context.
H. A legal term referring to a lawsuit or a process of taking legal steps.
I. A political entity with a defined territory and government, often involved in international relations.
J. An illegal act or violation of a law.

Match types of contracts with their examples:
A. Lease Agreement
B. Employment Contract
C. Sales Contract
D. Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA)
E. Partnership Agreement
F. Service Agreement
G. Loan Agreement
H. An agreement for renting property for a specified period of time.
I. An agreement for employment between an employer and an employee.
J. An agreement for the sale of goods or services for a specified price.
K. An agreement regarding confidentiality between parties about sensitive information.
L. An agreement outlining the terms of business collaboration between partners.
M. An agreement for providing services between a contractor and a client.
N. An agreement for borrowing money, detailing repayment conditions.

Municipal law is primarily concerned with …

• International treaties
• Local matters such as land use and public safety
• Federal regulations
• Constitutional amendments

Put the following areas of law in order from most general to most specific:
1 Public Law
2 Administrative Law
3 Constitutional Law
4 Criminal Law

Put the following steps in the correct order for a civil lawsuit:
1 Complaint filed
2 Discovery
3 Trial
4 Judgment
5 Appeal

The area of law that deals with crimes and their punishments is known as … law.

The body of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the government is called … law.

The term "area of law" refers to …

• The physical space where laws are enforced
• A specific legal field or category within which legal issues are addressed
• The overall legal system of a country
• The history of law and in what period it belongs to

Which of the following is NOT a common area of law?

• Criminal Law
• Environmental Law
• Fashion Law
• Family Law

ТЕСТ 4

… have rights of audience in the higher courts.

… receive instructions from their clients on a variety of matters both civil and criminal.

A professional that typically has direct contact with clients is a …

• Solicitor
• Barrister
• Judge
• Law Clerk

Arrange series of events related to the legal profession in the correct chronological order:
1 The student enrolls in a law school.
2 A law student graduates from law school.
3 The student completes an internship at a law firm.
4 The student passes the bar exam.
5 The new lawyer starts practicing law at a firm.
6 The lawyer attends continuing legal education (CLE) courses.

In a legal context, the primary responsibility of a prosecutor is …

• To defend the accused
• To advise the judge
• To present evidence against the accused
• To represent the accused

Lawyers may perform different functions: they give legal … to clients, draft legal papers and represent a client in a court of law.

Match each legal profession with the correct description:
A. Litigator
B. Corporate Lawyer
C. Judge
D. Paralegal
E. Criminal Defense Attorney
F. A lawyer who actively engages in trials and litigation on behalf of clients.
G. A lawyer specializing in issues related to businesses and corporate law.
H. A person who adjudicates cases and makes legal rulings.
I. An individual who assists lawyers with legal research and administrative tasks.
J. A legal professional who represents clients accused of crimes in court.

Match each legal profession with the correct description:
A. Tax Attorney
B. Immigration Lawyer
C. Family Lawyer
D. Real Estate Lawyer
E. Intellectual Property Lawyer
F. A lawyer who assists clients with legal issues related to taxes.
G. A lawyer specializing in issues such as visas, asylum, and citizenship.
H. A lawyer who deals with family-related issues such as divorce, child custody, and adoption.
I. A lawyer handling transactions and disputes involving real estate properties.
J. A legal professional who handles matters such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Match each legal profession with the corresponding description:
A. Solicitor
B. Barrister
C. Notary
D. Legal Advisor
E. Legal Consultant
F. Prepares legal documents and provides legal advice, but typically does not represent clients in court.
G. Represents clients in court and offers expert legal opinions.
H. Authenticates documents, witnesses signatures, and notarizes official papers.
I. Offers general legal guidance to clients and businesses.
J. Provides specialized legal advice to clients, often within businesses.

Match each similar legal profession with its job description:
A. Real Estate Attorney
B. Property Lawyer
C. Contract Lawyer
D. Construction Lawyer
E. Land Use Lawyer
F. Handles legal matters involving real estate transactions and property disputes.
G. Provides legal advice on all aspects of property 1aw.
H. Drafts and negotiates business agreements and contracts.
I. Specializes in legal issues related to the construction industry.
J. Focuses on laws and regulations related to the development and use of land.

Put the steps in the correct order to become a practicing attorney:
1 Completing undergraduate studies.
2 Obtaining a Juris Doctor degree.
3 Gaining legal experience through internships or clerkships.
4 Taking the bar exam.

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer: You are a junior associate at a law firm specializing in corporate law. Your supervisor has asked you to prepare a brief summary of an important legal concept that is frequently encountered in your practice area. Question: What important legal concept should a junior lawyer prepare for in their practice?

• Civil law
• Conflict of interest
• Criminal law

The primary role of a barrister is …

• Offering legal advice to the public
• Representing clients in court
• Drafting contracts and agreements
• Investigating criminal activities

Who presides over the hearing in a courtroom?

• Defendant
• Judge
• Plaintiff
• Attorney

ТЕСТ 5

Match the court process with its step:
A. Opening Statement
B. Witness Testimony
C. Cross-Examination
D. Closing Argument
E. Jury Deliberation
F. Sentencing
G. The lawyer presents their case at the beginning of the trial
H. A witness provides evidence in court
I. A lawyer questions a witness from the opposing side
J. The lawyer summarizes their case at the end of the trial
K. The jury discusses the case privately to reach a verdict
L. The defendant receives their punishment after a guilty verdict

Match the court type with its function:
A. Bankruptcy Courts
B. Probate Courts
C. Juvenile Courts
D. Drug Courts
E. Criminal Courts
F. Traffic Courts
G. Manage financial insolvency cases
H. Handle issues concerning wills and estates
I. Handle cases involving minors
J. Address drug offenses with rehabilitative programs
K. Deal with violations of criminal laws
L. Deal with laws related to traffic violations

Match the court with its function:
A. High Court
B. Crown Court
C. Magistrates’ Court
D. Family Court
E. Employment Tribunal
F. Supreme Court
G. Addresses civil cases
H. Handles serious criminal cases
I. Deals with minor criminal cases
J. Deals with family law matters
K. Resolves employment disputes
L. Hears appeals from lower courts

Originally, the jurors were neighbourhood … who passed judgment on the basis of what they themselves knew.

Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order:
1 The claimant files a lawsuit
2 The defendant responds to the claim
3 Evidence is presented in court
4 The court reaches a verdict
5 The court may order remedies or compensation

Put the steps of the appeal process in the correct order:
1 The County Court makes an initial decision
2 A party decides to appeal to the High Court
3 The Court of Appeal reviews the decision of the High Court
4 The Supreme Court hears the case if still dissatisfied

Put the steps of the judicial process in the correct order:
1 Trial Courts determine the facts of a case
2 Each side presents its arguments
3 The fact finder decides the case
4 The court settles the disputes
5 Appellate Courts review the decisions
6 Parties may appeal to higher courts

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. In the case of Johnson v. Smith, Mr. Johnson, a resident of London, purchased a new roof from a construction company owned by Mr. Smith. After completing the installation, Mr. Johnson discovered multiple leaks during the first rainstorm and claimed that the work was poorly done. He attempted to resolve the issue directly with Mr. Smith, but the company refused to fix the roof without additional payment. Consequently, Mr. Johnson filed a lawsuit against Mr. Smith in the County Court, seeking damages for the cost of repairs and associated losses. Question: What type of case is Johnson v. Smith likely to be classified as in the English courts?

• A criminal case involving a violation of safety regulations
• A civil case concerning a breach of contract
• A family law case regarding child custody

Serious criminal cases are typically heard in the …

• Magistrates’ Court
• County Court
• Crown Court
• High Court

The … Court deals with appeals from lower courts.

The … is the second-highest court in England and Wales.

The highest court in England is the …

• Crown Court
• High Court
• Supreme Court
• Magistrates’ Court

The judges in the Supreme Court are known as ….

The primary role of a judge in the English court system is …

• To create laws
• To interpret and apply the law
• To represent clients
• To serve as a jury member

The purpose of a jury in a trial is …

• To sentence the defendant
• To determine the facts of the case
• To represent the public
• To advise the judge

Which of the following is NOT a type of court in England?

• Family Court
• Employment Tribunal
• Circuit Court
• Crown Court

ТЕСТ 6

A document that formally initiates a lawsuit is a(n) …

• Answer
• Motion
• Complaint
• Brief

All criminal offenses are technically considered statutory crimes since they are all prohibited by ….

Any party to the litigation may call a … to testify about the case.

Arrange the steps involved in starting a legal action in court in the correct order:
1 The plaintiff prepares the necessary legal documents.
2 The plaintiff files a complaint with the court.
3 The court assigns a case number to the filed complaint.
4 The plaintiff serves the defendant with the legal documents.
5 The defendant receives the summons and complaint.
6 The defendant has a specific period to respond to the complaint.
7 The court schedules a hearing or trial date.

In a civil case, the … is the person, corporation, or entity against whom the plaintiff files their lawsuit.

In which court would you typically start a small claims action?

• Federal Court
• District Court
• Small Claims Court
• Appellate Court

Match the terms with their correct definitions:
A. Claim Form
B. Court Fee
C. Claimant
D. Conditional Bail
E. Damages
F. A document submitted to the court to initiate legal proceedings.
G. A payment required to file a case or appeal in court.
H. The person who initiates a lawsuit or makes a claim in court.
I. Release from custody under certain conditions, pending trial.
J. A sum of money awarded to a party in a lawsuit as compensation for loss or injury.

Match the terms with their correct definitions:
A. Procedure
B. Suspect
C. Fine
D. Probation
E. Injunction
F. The established method or steps followed in legal proceedings.
G. A person believed to have committed a crime but not yet proven guilty.
H. A monetary penalty imposed by a court for an offense.
I. A period during which an offender is allowed to remain free under supervision instead of serving time in prison.
J. A court order requiring a person to do or refrain from doing a specific act.

Match the terms with their definitions:
A. Complaint
B. Summons
C. Defendant
D. Jurisdiction
E. Service of Process
F. A formal statement outlining the plaintiff’s claims.
G. A document that notifies the defendant of the lawsuit.
H. The party being sued in a lawsuit.
I. The authority of a court to hear a case.
J. The act of delivering legal documents to parties involved in a lawsuit.

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. Mr. Baker, a manager at Green-water shopping centre, seeks to file a claim against his employer for unpaid overtime. According to his employment contract, he is entitled to overtime pay. What should Mr. Baker do first to address this issue?

• Immediately quit his job and seek employment elsewhere.
• Discuss the matter with the head manager to resolve the issue informally.
• File a formal complaint with the labor board without attempting to resolve it internally.

The … is usually an assistant district attorney (state court cases) or assistant U.S. attorney (federal court cases).

The … or prosecution presents their case to the court first. Once they finish presenting their case, the defendant will present.

The first step in starting a civil action in court is …

• Filing a motion
• Drafting a complaint
• Serving the defendant
• Conducting discovery

The purpose of a summons is …

• To provide evidence
• To notify the defendant of the lawsuit
• To request a jury trial
• To file an appeal

What must be included in a complaint?

• Evidence
• Jurisdictional statement
• Defendant’s response

ТЕСТ 7

… is the element that establishes a direct link between the defendant’s wrongdoing or negligence and the plaintiff’s injury or damage.

"Vicarious liability" is …

• Liability for one’s own actions
• Liability assigned to an employer for the actions of an employee
• Liability that arises from a contract between two parties
• Liability that cannot be transferred

A … is someone who commits a tort, which is a civil wrong.

In a negligence claim, which element must the plaintiff prove?

• Intent to harm
• Duty of care
• Emotional distress
• Criminal intent

Match the term with its correct definition:
A. Negligence
B. Defamation
C. Strict Liability
D. Tortfeasor
E. Failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in damage.
F. False statements that harm a person’s reputation.
G. Liability without fault for certain activities.
H. A person who commits a tort.

Match the term with its correct definition:
A. Punishment
B. Wrongdoer
C. Tortfeasor
D. Liability
E. A consequence imposed for wrongdoing, often involving penalties.
F. A person who commits a wrongful act or offense.
G. A person who has committed a tort, leading to civil liability.
H. The legal responsibility for one's actions or omissions.

Order the following steps in a negligence claim:
1 The plaintiff files a complaint.
2 The defendant responds to the complaint.
3 The plaintiff proves the elements of negligence.
4 The court hears the case.

Other types of torts include assault, battery, false imprisonment, and ….

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. One sunny afternoon, Bob decides to host a barbecue in his backyard. He invites friends over and sets up a large grill. As the party progresses, Bob becomes distracted while socializing with his guests. In his excitement, he accidentally spills hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice’s lawn, causing a small fire that damages her flowerbed and lawn. Alice, upon discovering the damage, confronts Bob about the incident. Bob apologizes but claims it was an accident and that he did not intend to harm Alice’s property. However, Alice is upset about the damage and the cost of replacing her flowers. Question: What caused the damage to Alice’s property?

• Bob’s guests accidentally trampled on Alice’s flowers.
• Bob spilled hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice’s lawn.
• Alice’s dog dug up the flowerbed.

The primary purpose of tort law is …

• To punish criminal behavior
• To provide compensation for harm caused by wrongful acts
• To enforce contracts between various parties
• To regulate business practices

The term "…" pertains to a party’s neglect to fulfill their obligations or legal responsibilities towards another party.

Tort law defines … as the legal obligation to act with care, caution, and reasonable consideration to avoid inflicting another person or entity pain or injury.

Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?

• Negligence
• Defamation
• Breach of contract
• Intentional infliction of emotional distress

Wilfred Phelps, age 65, is driving his Nissan Altima down Main Street when he suffers the first seizure (a sudden burst of electrical activity in the brain) of his life. He loses control of his vehicle and runs into three people on the sidewalk. Which statement is true?

• He is liable for an intentional tort.
• He is liable for a negligent tort.
• He is not liable for a negligent tort.
• He is liable under strict liability, because driving a car is abnormally dangerous.

ТЕСТ 8

A driver runs a red light and causes an accident. This is an example of …

• Intentional tort
• Negligence
• Strict liability
• Vicarious liability

A person has a legal … to act in a way that does not cause harm to others.

A person who commits a tort is known as a …

• Maladjustor.
• Criminal.
• Perpetuator.
• Instigator.
• Tortfeasor.

An … tort occurs when a person deliberately causes harm to another individual.

If a person fails to meet the standard of care expected in a situation, it is considered a … of duty.

In a negligence case, the standard of care is generally measured against …

• The defendant’s actions
• A reasonable person
• The plaintiff’s expectations
• Industry standards

Match the terms with its description:
A. Negligence
B. Nuisance
C. Trespass to Land
D. Trespass to the Person
E. Defamation
F. Product Liability
G. Vicarious Liability
H. Failing to take appropriate care, resulting in harm to another person.
I. Interfering with a person’s ability to use or enjoy their property, such as noise or pollution.
J. Unlawfully entering or remaining on someone else’s property without permission.
K. Unauthorized physical interference with someone else’s person, such as assault or battery.
L. Making false statements about someone that harm their reputation.
M. Causing harm or loss through the use of a product that is defective or not safe for use.
N. Holding an employer responsible for the negligent actions of their employee.

Match the tort to the plaintiff’s claim:
A. Negligence
B. Defamation
C. Vicarious Liability
D. Product Liability
E. Failure to exercise reasonable care led to injury.
F. False statements harmed personal or professional reputation.
G. The employer is liable for the employee's negligent behavior.
H. The company caused harm through a defective product.

Match the tort with an example:
A. Vicarious Liability
B. Trespass to the Person
C. Negligence
D. Nuisance
E. Strict Liability
F. A company being held liable for a negligent act of an employee.
G. A person being physically assaulted by another individual.
H. Failing to warn customers about a wet floor leading to a slip.
I. A landlord causing excessive noise that disturbs tenants.
J. A dog owner being liable for their dog's bite, regardless of negligence.

Match the tort with its basis of liability:
A. Intentional Tort
B. Negligence
C. Strict Liability
D. Vicarious Liability
E. Liability arising from deliberate actions that cause harm
F. Liability stemming from a failure to act with reasonable care.
G. Liability without fault, typically in cases involving hazardous activities.
H. Liability for harm caused by others’ actions based on the relationship.

Read the text below and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer. Emily was walking her dog in the park when she slipped on a wet patch of grass that had not been marked with any warning signs. The park management had been informed about the slippery conditions days earlier but failed to take any action. As a result of her fall, Emily suffered a broken wrist and incurred medical expenses. She is considering filing a lawsuit against the park management for negligence. Question: Which head of tort is most applicable in Emily’s case?

• Intentional Tort
• Negligence
• Strict Liability

The primary element required to establish negligence is …

• Intent
• Breach of duty
• Malice
• Strict liability

The purpose of awarding … in tort cases is to compensate the injured party for their losses.

Which head of tort involves causing harm through intentional actions?

• Negligence
• Strict Liability
• Intentional Torts
• Vicarious Liability

Which of the following is NOT a type of tort?

• Defamation
• Assault
• Breach of Contract
• Nuisance

ИТОГОВЫЙ ТЕСТ

… covers attacks against someone’s reputation through the written or spoken word.

… is a comprehensive system of laws governing private rights and duties, primarily influenced by Roman law and codified regulations.

… is a customary practice that evolves into societal norms over time.

… is a key element in many tort cases, where the defendant fails to exercise reasonable care.

… is a legal framework originating in England that relies on judicial precedents rather than written statutes.

… is a pivotal document from 1215 that limited the monarch s power and set the stage for individual rights and freedoms.

… is an individual or entity tasked with formulating, modifying, and implementing laws on behalf of the government.

… is the principle that ensures fair and equal treatment under the law, regardless of wealth or status.

… law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations in civil matters.

… law states citizens’ rights and duties and regulates relationships between different branches of the state.

… liability allows for suing the employer of a person who commits a tort during normal employment.

… refers to the legal obligation for one’s actions or inactions, which may lead to penalties, damages, or the requirement to compensate for harm caused.

"Magna Carta" literally means …

• Great Document
• Great Charter
• Royal Agreement
• Historic Law

A … is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person.

A … is a legal document that grants someone the authority to act on behalf of another person.

A legal system that combines elements of religious law with secular law is …

• Hybrid law
• Theocratic law
• Mixed legal system
• Pluralistic law

A primary function of solicitors is …

• Exclusively arguing cases in higher courts
• Briefing barristers and collecting legal documents
• Serving as judges in lower courts
• Providing legal education to the public

A successful tort claim may result in the award of … to compensate the victim for their losses.

According to legal theorist Salmond, law is defined as …

• A collection of ethical standards
• A framework of rules recognized and enforced by the state
• Traditions that change over time and space
• Norms established by community consensus

An example of a statutory tort is …

• A tort based solely on common law
• A tort defined by judicial precedent
• A tort outlined in the constitution
• A tort regulated by a specific act of legislation

Arrange the criminal justice process in the right order:
1 A crime is reported or discovered.
2 Law enforcement conducts an investigation.
3 The defendant is arraigned and enters a plea.
4 The trial takes place, with both sides presenting evidence.
5 If found guilty, the defendant is sentenced.

Arrange the following areas of law in order from most general to most specific:
1 Public Law
2 Administrative Law
3 Constitutional Law
4 Criminal Law

Barristers are known to be specialists in …

• Contract law
• Family law
• Corporate law
• Advocacy in court

Civil law concerns disputes between:

• Citizens and the government
• Different countries
• Citizens or companies within a country
• Criminal offenders and law enforcement

Connect the beginnings and endings of each phrase:
A. Constitutions are …
B. Administrative regulations are …
C. International law refers to …
D. Treaties are …
E. written laws enacted by legislative bodies.
F. rules created by government agencies.
G. laws that govern relations between nations
H. agreements between countries.

Connect the countries with their legal systems:
A. United States
B. France
C. Saudi Arabia
D. India
E. Japan
F. Common Law
G. Civil Law
H. Religious Law
I. Mixed Legal System
J. Civil Law influenced by Customary Law

Defamation is primarily concerned with …

• Physical injury to a person
• Damage to property
• Attacks against someone’s reputation
• Financial losses in business

Find a pair to make collocations:
A. To adopt
B. To bring
C. To honour
D. To seek
E. To solve
F. To carry out
G. To interpret
H. To accuse of the
I. a new law
J. a civil action
K. the agreement
L. legal advice
M. a problem
N. a contract
O. a statute
P. a crime

If the … is found guilty, the court can order punishment.

In a tort case, the usual remedies available to the claimant are …

• Imprisonment and fines
• Damages and injunction
• Community service and probation
• Deportation and asset seizure

In civil cases, the court can award … to compensate the person who has suffered:

• Damages
• Fines
• Restitution
• Penalties

In criminal cases, if the police have enough evidence, they can make a formal … against a suspect.

In England, most civil claims are filed with the … court.

In England, the legal profession is divided into two main types. These are:

• Lawyers and judges
• Solicitors and barristers
• Advocates and attorneys
• Prosecutors and defenders

In the context of product liability, the entity or person who can be held responsible for damage caused by faulty goods is …

• The buyer
• The shipping company
• The seller or manufacturer
• The government

In the criminal courts, cases are brought against a person who has broken the … .

In tort law, the person responsible for proving the elements of the case is called …

• The defendant
• The claimant
• The state prosecutor
• The judge

In tort law, the person who commits the wrongful act is called the … .

International law regulates relations between … and between private citizens of different countries.

Laws are deemed crucial for society because …

• They provide leisure activities and are easy to understand
• They promote individualism
• They help people evade accountability
• They are essential for maintaining order and regulating conduct.

Many countries distinguish between … law and public law.

Many people believe that … should be fair and equal for everyone involved.

Many torts are based on … law, which relies on precedents set by previous cases.

Match each legal profession with its description:
A. Solicitor
B. Barrister
C. Notary
D. Legal Advisor
E. Legal Consultant
F. Prepares legal documents and provides legal advice, but typically does not represent clients in court.
G. Represents clients in court and offers expert legal opinions.
H. Authenticates documents, witnesses signatures, and notarizes official papers.
I. Offers general legal guidance to clients and businesses.
J. Provides specialized legal advice to clients, often within businesses.

Match each legal profession with the correct description:
A. Litigator
B. Corporate Lawyer
C. Judge
D. Paralegal
E. Criminal Defense Attorney
F. A lawyer who actively engages in trials and litigation on behalf of clients.
G. A lawyer specializing in issues related to businesses and corporate law.
H. A person who adjudicates cases and makes legal rulings.
I. An individual who assists lawyers with legal research and administrative tasks.
J. A legal professional who represents clients accused of crimes in court.

Match each legal profession with the correct description:
A. Tax Attorney
B. Immigration Lawyer
C. Family Lawyer
D. Real Estate Lawyer
E. Intellectual Property Lawyer
F. A lawyer who assists clients with legal issues related to taxes.
G. A lawyer specializing in issues such as visas, asylum, and citizenship.
H. A lawyer who deals with family-related issues such as divorce, child custody, and adoption.
I. A lawyer handling transactions and disputes involving real estate properties.
J. A legal professional who handles matters such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Match the areas of law with their definitions:
A. Criminal Law
B. Civil Law
C. Contract Law
D. Family Law
E. Property Law
F. Tort Law
G. Administrative Law
H. The branch of law concerning crimes and punishments.
I. The body of law governing disputes between private individuals, including obligations and liabilities.
J. The area of law that governs agreements and promises between parties.
K. The area of law that deals with family-related issues such as marriage and custody.
L. The field of law related to the ownership and use of property.
M. The body of law dealing with civil wrongs arising from wrongful acts.
N. The area of law regulating the actions of governmental agencies and their interactions with citizens.

Match the court process with its description:
A. Opening Statement
B. Witness Testimony
C. Cross-Examination
D. Closing Argument
E. Jury Deliberation
F. Sentencing
G. The lawyer presents their case at the beginning of the trial
H. A witness provides evidence in court
I. A lawyer questions a witness from the opposing side
J. The lawyer summarizes their case at the end of the trial
K. The jury discusses the case privately to reach a verdict
L. The defendant receives their punishment after a guilty verdict

Match the halves to make up correct sentences:
A. In order to bring a successful claim against someone for negligence,
B. The duty of care
C. In the UK and the USA most cases in tort
D. Both statute and the common law contain rules about the situations
E. the claimant must prove that the defendant was in breach of his or her duty of care.
F. is the duty to make sure that your conduct does not harm anyone.
G. are based upon the tort of negligence.
H. in which people are liable for their acts and their omissions.

Match the halves to make up correct sentences:
A. We either settle this dispute now
B. The convicted defendant either pays a fine
C. We have received your fax
D. We object not only to the terms of payment,
E. Neither weapons
F. or I go to court.
G. or goes to prison.
H. as well as your letter dated 20th of May.
I. but also to the terms of delivery.
J. nor drugs have been intercepted.

Match the halves up make up the sentences:
A. The police perform many duties which are fundamental to the well-being of society,
B. At this stage the committee may agree
C. The party in power is likely
D. The lawyer must use all his knowledge and skill
E. but which are unlikely to make them popular.
F. to receive suggestions for or against the proposed new law from anyone who is likely to be affected by it.
G. to have the most members on the committee.
H. to present his client’s case in the best possible light.

Match the principles of law with its purposes:

A. Fairness in legal proceedings
B. Transparency
C. Access to legal representation
D. Enforcement of laws within society
E. Ensures justice is served without bias or discrimination
F. Promotes accountability and trust in the legal system
G. Guarantees that everyone has the means to defend their rights
H. Maintains order and compliance

Match the terms with their correct descriptions:
A. Common law
B. Statutory tort
C. Tortfeasor
D. Claimant
E. Legal capacity to sue
F. Law based on precedents set by previous court decisions
G. A civil wrong defined by a specific statute
H. The person who commits a tort
I. The person bringing a lawsuit in a tort case
J. The right to bring a legal action against someone

Match the terms with their correct descriptions:
A. Libel
B. Slander
C. Product Liability
D. Vicarious Liability
E. Common Law Tort
F. Statutory Tort
G. Tortfeasor
H. Claimant
I. Defamation in a permanent form, such as writing
J. Defamation in a non-permanent form, such as speech
K. Responsibility for damage caused by defective goods
L. Employer’s liability for employee’s actions during employment
M. Based on precedents set by previous court decisions
N. A civil wrong defined by a specific statute or law
O. A person who commits a civil wrong
P. The person bringing a lawsuit in a tort case

Match the terms with their corresponding definitions:
A. Duty
B. Authority
C. Set of rules
D. Dispute
E. Obligations or responsibilities one is expected to fulfill.
F. A recognized power to enforce rules or make decisions.
G. Guidelines or regulations established to govern behavior.
H. A disagreement or argument between parties.

Match the terms with their definitions:
A. Treaty
B. Claimant
C. Action
D. State
E. An offence
F. A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states.
G. A person or entity that makes a claim, especially in a legal context.
H. A legal term referring to a lawsuit or a process of taking legal steps.
I. A political entity with a defined territory and government, often involved in international relations.
J. An illegal act or violation of a law.

Match the word combinations with their definitions:
A. Breach of contract
B. To challenge a decision
C. To bring a case against somebody
D. To be open to the public
E. To comply with the law
F. A failure to follow the terms agreed upon in a legal agreement
G. To question or dispute a choice made by an authority or organization
H. To start a legal action or lawsuit against someone in court
I. Available for anyone to enter or use without restrictions
J. To act according to rules and regulations set by the government

Match the words with their definitions:
A. Contractual relationship
B. To be liable to somebody
C. To owe a duty to somebody
D. To make a claim based on something
E. To be imposed by law
F. A connection between parties that is based on an agreement with specific terms and conditions.
G. To have a responsibility or obligation towards someone, often in terms of payment or accountability.
H. To have an obligation to act in a certain way toward another person, often due to moral or legal reasons.
I. To assert or demand something as your right because of certain evidence or reasons.
J. To be required or enforced by legal rules or regulations.

Match the words with their definitions
A. Court fee
B. Custodial sentence
C. Community service
D. To be found guilty of something
E. To award damages
F. A charge that must be paid to the court for processing legal cases or documents.
G. A punishment where a person is sent to prison for a certain period of time.
H. Work that people do for the benefit of their community, often instead of serving time in jail.
I. To be declared responsible for committing a crime after a legal trial.
J. To give money as a payment for harm or loss caused by someone else’s actions.

Match the words with their definitions:
A. Jurisdiction
B. Legal tradition
C. Ideology
D. Legislation
E. Legal custom
F. The official power to make legal decisions and judgments within a specific area or over certain types of cases.
G. The long-standing principles and practices that shape how laws are interpreted and applied in a particular culture or country.
H. A system of ideas and beliefs that forms the basis for political or economic theories.
I. A set of laws made by a government to regulate behavior and maintain order in society.
J. Practices that are accepted as law because they have been followed consistently over time, even if not written down.

Match the words with their definitions:
A. Verdict
B. Minor criminal case
C. Trespass to property
D. To overturn a decision
E. Re-examine the judgment
F. The final decision made by a jury or judge about whether someone is guilty or not.
G. A legal matter involving less serious crimes, often resulting in lighter penalties.
H. Entering someone else’s land or building without permission.
I. To change or cancel a choice made by a judge or authority.
J. Looking at a previous court decision again to see if it was correct.

Most civil cases are usually considered in …

• Supreme Court
• Crown Court
• County Courts
• High Court

Most civil claims in England are filed in the …

• High Court
• Crown Court
• Magistrates’ Court
• County Court

National law includes laws at the national, state, regional, and … levels.

Order the steps in the process of filing a tort claim:
1 Gather evidence
2 File a complaint
3 Serve the defendant
4 Attend court hearings
5 Negotiate a settlement

Put the following events in chronological order:
1 The Roman Empire established its legal system across Europe.
2 The Justinian Code was compiled in the 6th century.
3 The feudal system influenced legal structures in medieval Europe.
4 The establishment of the first universities began to shape legal education.

Put the following legal professionals in order from highest to lowest position in the hierarchy:
1 Judge
2 Prosecutor
3 Notary public
4 Investigator
5 Defender
6 Paralegal

Put the following steps in the correct order:
1 The claimant decides to take legal action
2 The claimant fills out a claim form
3 The claimant pays the court fee
4 The court issues the claim to the defendant
5 The defendant responds to the claim

Put the following steps in the correct order:
1 The police arrest a suspect
2 The police gather evidence
3 The suspect is charged with an offense
4 The magistrate decides on bail or custody
5 The suspect appears in court for trial

Put the following steps in the correct order for a civil lawsuit:
1 Complaint filed
2 Discovery
3 Trial
4 Judgment
5 Appea

Put the stages of criminal proceedings in the correct order:
1 Arrest
2 Investigation
3 Arraignment
4 Trial
5 Sentencing

Put the steps involved in starting a legal action in court in the correct order:
1 The plaintiff prepares the necessary legal documents.
2 The plaintiff files a complaint with the court.
3 The court assigns a case number to the filed complaint.
4 The plaintiff serves the defendant with the legal documents.
5 The defendant receives the summons and complaint.
6 The defendant has a specific period to respond to the complaint.
7 The court schedules a hearing or trial date.

Put the steps of a civil action in the correct order:
1 The claimant files a lawsuit
2 The defendant responds to the claim
3 Evidence is presented in court
4 The court reaches a verdict
5 The court may order remedies or compensation

Put the steps of the appeal process in the correct order:
1 The County Court makes an initial decision
2 A party decides to appeal to the High Court
3 The Court of Appeal reviews the decision of the High Court
4 The Supreme Court hears the case if still dissatisfied

Put the steps of the judicial process in the correct order
1 Trial Courts determine the facts of a case
2 Each side presents its arguments
3 The fact finder decides the case
4 The court settles the disputes
5 Appellate Courts review the decisions
6 Parties may appeal to higher courts

Statutory torts are those that come from … , where the breach of duty is defined in legal code.

The … decided to postpone the hearing until next week for more preparation.

The … found at the scene helped the police solve the mystery quickly.

The … listened carefully to both sides before making a decision.

The … presented strong arguments to support her client’s case today.

The … took several weeks, but everyone was eager to hear the verdict.

The branch of law that regulates relationships between different government branches is …

• Criminal law
• Civil law
• Constitutional law
• International law

The concept of “stare decisis” is most closely associated the legal system of …

• Islamic law
• Civil law
• Common law
• Socialist law

The correct order of events in a typical criminal trial is …

• Closing arguments, opening statements, witness testimony, verdict
• Opening statements, witness testimony, closing arguments, verdict
• Witness testimony, opening statements, closing arguments, verdict
• Verdict, opening statements, witness testimony, closing arguments

The document used by a claimant to start legal action against the defendant is called a …

The entity that typically starts criminal actions is …

• The victim
• The state
• The defendant
• The solicitor

The first in a criminal case typically is a(n) …

• Sentencing
• Arrest
• Trial
• Appeal

The following country primarily follows a civil law system:

• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Australia

The following is NOT a form of defamation …

• Libel
• Slander
• Negligence
• Written statements

The foundation of the common law system in England took shape in …

• 5th century AD
• 1066 AD
• 1215 AD
• 1300 AD

The highest court in the United States is the … Court.

The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is …

• Only barristers can argue cases in court
• Solicitors have more extensive legal training
• They have different legal training and qualifications
• Barristers can only work on criminal cases

The main difference between tort law and criminal law is that the …

• Tort law aims to compensate, while criminal law aims to punish
• Tort law involves only physical injuries
• Criminal law always results in monetary compensation
• Tort law is exclusively for business disputes

The party that bears the burden of proof in a criminal case is …

• The injured party
• The defendant
• The state
• The civil court

The primary function of civil courts in the English legal system is …

• To prosecute criminals and investigate various criminal cases
• To resolve disputes between private citizens or between private citizens and the state
• To hear appeals from lower courts and adjudicate them
• To interpret statutory law and add to the case law by creating new rulings

The primary purpose of tort law is …

• To punish wrongdoers for their criminal acts
• To deter criminal behavior from happening in the future
• To compensate people who suffer harm
• To enforce contractual obligations

The primary source of law in a civil law system is …

• Case precedents
• Statutory codes
• Judge’s opinions
• Customary practices

The primary source of most legal principles is …

• Religious doctrines
• Established traditions
• Constitutional amendments
• Judicial rulings

The process of starting a claim in civil court is commonly called …

• Issuing a warrant
• Filing a claim
• Serving a summons
• Registering a dispute

The term for the sum of money paid to the court to issue proceedings is …

• Legal fee
• Court fee
• Claim charge
• Issuance cost

The tort of libel refers to …

• Spoken defamatory statements
• Published defamatory statements in permanent form
• Temporary defamatory statements
• Non-verbal defamatory actions

The type of law usually involved in cases brought before criminal courts is ...

• Common law
• Civil law
• Statutory law
• International law

There are … and criminal courts within the English legal system.

This country is known for having an unwritten constitution:

• United States
• France
• Germany
• United Kingdom

Vicarious liability allows …

• Employees to sue their employers
• Employers to sue their employees
• Suing the employer for torts committed by their employees
• Suing the government for private sector torts

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tort law?

• It deals with civil wrongs
• It requires a contractual relationship
• It can involve physical or non-physical harm
• It is based on the breach of duty of care

Which of the following is NOT typically a matter dealt with in civil courts?

• Breach of contract
• Trespass to property
• Murder charges
• Disputes over land

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a level of national law?

• State
• Regional
• International
• Local

Who played a significant role in shaping legal codes across different nations?

• Indigenous practices
• Roman Emperor Justinian
• Feudal lords
• Religious leaders

КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТНЫЙ ТЕСТ

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all?
Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn’t just let it go and not do anything about it.
Carly: Right, but isn’t going to court going to be expensive?
Max: It’s worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses.
Carly: That’s true. But don’t you have to prove your claims in order to win the case?
Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have everything organized and ready to present.
Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court?
Max: Honestly, I’m not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense.
Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost?
Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we’ll win this case.
Carly: Wow, okay. So how does the jury pick process work?
Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Carly: Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings?
Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter.
Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury?
Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non-English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case - the plaintiff and defendant.
Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case.
Max: Thank you, I’m really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done.
Question: Who oversees the jury selection process?

• The plaintiff
• The defendant
• The judge

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
John: So, Sarah… When did you decide to become a lawyer?
Sarah: I’ve always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.
John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?
Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.
John: That’s cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.
Sarah: It definitely wasn’t an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now.
John: Yeah, that’s why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.
Sarah: It’s not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.
John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?
Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.
John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging.
Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?
John: Just a year, but I already feel like I’m learning so much from everyone here.
Sarah: That’s great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.
John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover.
Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.
John: Of course. Good luck with your case!
Sarah: Thanks. Have a good evening, John!
Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?

• One year
• Three years
• Five years

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead?
Mark’s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.
Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then.
Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse.
Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on.
Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence?
Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant’s.
Mark’s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it’s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime.
Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I’m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.
Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

• Theft, assault, murder and arson
• Robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon
• Fraud and embezzlement, corruption

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Kelly: Wow, that’s a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it?
Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I’m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.
Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?
Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.
Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?
Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.
Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?
Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it’s one of proximity or not.
Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.
Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.
Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.
Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it’s important to constantly stay informed and educated.
Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

• Self-defense and provocation
• Alibi and mistaken identity
• Psychiatric injury and economic loss

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Lila: Have you read the new law passed by Congress last week? It’s about regulating environmental pollution.
Mark: No, I haven’t. How is it different from the current regulations?
Lila: Well, it gives more power to federal agencies in enforcing and monitoring compliance with environmental laws. And it also imposes stricter penalties for violations.
Mark: That sounds like a good step towards protecting our environment. But what about local laws? Do they have any impact on this issue?
Lila: Yes, definitely. Each state has its own set of environmental laws that are tailored to their specific needs and challenges.
Mark: Right, I remember learning about that in my Environmental Law class. So even if there are national laws in place, local governments can create additional regulations?
Lila: Exactly. They can provide more detailed rules that cater to the particular needs of the community. And these local laws must comply with both state and federal laws.
Mark: Interesting. These different levels of laws can get quite complex.
Lila: Definitely. And it reflects the unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state. That’s why we have diverse legal systems around the world.
Mark: Yeah, I never realized how vast and intricate the field of law is.
Lila: It sure is. And keeping up with all the changes and developments is no easy task.
Mark: You’re right about that. Thanks for explaining everything to me, Lila. I really appreciate it.
Lila: Anytime, Mark. That’s what friends are for!
Question: According to Lila, why do we have diverse legal systems around the world?

• Because all countries follow the same legal framework and try to keep their laws the same
• Due to unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state
• Because international law overrides all local laws and authorities have to follow them

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Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it’s not the most thrilling subject, but it’s important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor’s expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you’ll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I’m still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you’re going to make a great lawyer. Now let’s go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let’s go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?

• She’s definitely going to specialize in it
• She’s considering it, but also interested in other areas
• She hasn’t given it any thought yet

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Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?
Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.
Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.
Josh: Tell me about it. And then there’s comparative law on top of that.
Samantha: Comparative law? What’s that again?
Josh: It’s a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.
Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?
Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.
Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don’t forget about international law.
Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues.
Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.
Josh: No kidding. But it’s also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.
Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.
Josh: Exactly. There’s so much to learn and explore in the field of law.
Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?

• Memorizing rules individually
• Using online legal databases
• Participating in a study group

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Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It’s crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.
John: Yeah, it’s fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?
Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces – gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?
John: It’s definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country’s legal system.
Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.
John: That’s true. I’ve heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.
Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.
John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It’s pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.
Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society.
John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.
Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?

• The French Revolution
• World War II
• The Industrial Revolution

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Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?

• Barristers primarily handle administrative tasks and client consultations, focusing on preparing legal documents and managing cases.
• Barristers are responsible for overseeing court proceedings and making legal rulings on cases.
• Barristers represent clients in court, providing expert legal advice and advocacy during trials.

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Text: Emily is a law student who has just completed a module on the initiation of legal actions in England and Wales. She is particularly interested in understanding the differences between starting a civil action and starting a criminal action. After reviewing her notes, she comes across the following statements regarding the processes involved.
Question: In England and Wales, which document is typically used to initiate a civil action in the High Court or County Court?

• Claim Form
• Indictment
• Summons

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Text: Emily is a professional photographer who rents a studio space in a busy downtown area. One day, while she is setting up for a photoshoot, a heavy sign from an adjacent building falls and injures her. The sign was not properly secured, and Emily learns that the building owner had received complaints about it being loose but had not taken any action to fix it. Emily decides to file a lawsuit against the building owner for her injuries.
Question: What legal principle is at play in Emily’s case when she decides to sue the building owner for her injuries?

• Contractual Liability – Emily is suing because the building owner failed to fulfill a contract with her.
• Tortious Liability – Emily is suing because the building owner’s negligence led to her injury.
• Criminal Liability – Emily is suing because the building owner committed a crime by allowing the sign to fall.

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Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?

• The case head ensures that serious criminal cases are overseen by a judge with experience in handling complex legal issues.
• The case head in the Crown Court allows for quicker resolution of civil disputes compared to civil courts.
• The case head provides a platform for informal mediation between parties before trial.

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Text: James owns a small bakery in a residential neighborhood. One day, he decides to install an outdoor seating area for customers. To create the seating area, he places several tables and chairs on the sidewalk directly outside his shop. However, James does not leave enough space for pedestrians to pass comfortably. A neighbor, Sarah, complains that she has to walk into the street to get around the seating area, which is dangerous, especially with heavy traffic. After a few weeks, Sarah trips over one of the chairs that has been pushed out onto the sidewalk and injures her ankle. She decides to take legal action against James.
Question: What legal principle is primarily at play in Sarah s case when she decides to sue James for her injury?

• Trespass to Land – Sarah is suing because James has unlawfully occupied public space with his seating area.
• Negligence (Duty of Care) – Sarah is suing because James failed to ensure the sidewalk was safe for pedestrians.
• Nuisance (Unreasonable Interference) – Sarah is suing because James s seating area unreasonably interferes with her ability to use the sidewalk.

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Text: John is preparing for his final exam in his law course. He comes across a scenario where a country is involved in a dispute with another nation regarding trade regulations. He needs to determine which area of law primarily governs this situation.
Question: Which area of law is most relevant to the dispute between the two nations regarding trade regulations?

• National Law
• International Law
• Civil Law

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Text: Maria is a law student studying different legal systems around the world. In her recent class, the professor asked the students to identify the two main traditions of law. Maria is confused and wants to ensure she understands the differences between Common Law and Continental Law.
Question: Which of the following statements correctly identifies the two main traditions of law in the world?

• Common Law and Religious Law
• Common Law and Continental Law
• Continental Law and Customary Law

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Text: Sarah is a small business owner who recently faced a dispute with a supplier over a delayed shipment that affected her ability to serve her customers. Unsure of her rights and the best course of action, she considers seeking legal advice.
Question: What are two primary motives for making and enforcing laws that Sarah should understand as she navigates her situation?

• To ensure that only large corporations benefit from legal protections and to punish individuals who break the law, regardless of circumstances.
• To maintain social order and protect individual rights, ensuring that everyone has access to fair treatment and resolution of disputes.
• To create complex regulations that confuse ordinary people and limit their ability to operate businesses freely.