Ответы к зачёту: Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

Ben, who is 19 years old, applies for a job as a clerk in a goods store. The store manager is impressed with Ben's speaking skills and says that he would like to hire him, subject to reference checks. Later, the manager calls Ben and says that he will not be hired. On checking his references with a former employer, the manager found out that Ben was convicted of careless driving. Has the store manager violated Ben's human rights by refusing to hire him?

Judy owns a clothing retail store. One of her customers returns a T-shirt because it doesn’t fit her. Does Judy have to give her customer a different size or a refund?

In certain cases, drug use can be connected to … that only relate to drugs in an indirect way

According to the Constitution there are 3 branches: …, executive and judiciary

The … Directive is the foundational legal framework for online services in the EU

Strict liability is applied regardless of whether or not contractual relations exist. The test for whether ‘… information’ was supplied to a consumer is quite uncertain

An area of United States law that involves agreements between people, businesses, and groups is … law

Most rules of law have developed from the … that are known as a settled and accepted way of behavior in the defined circumstances

If a dealer from Austria sells drugs to a buyer from the USA, it is called drug …

The theoretical foundations of modern … were laid down in the great works on the social contract

The basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death are called … rights

We can find he expression “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” in the …

Hammurabi’s Code contains …

Susan is an Asian-American. She wanted to continue her studies at a local public college but her application was rejected. Susan has grounds to suppose that it was because of her ethnic origin. She filed suit against the college. What law is applied in such a case?

The purpose of a green paper of the European Commission of 2001 was …

Many countries are affected by … addiction today

The defendant decided to kill his sister. He bought a knife and a bottle of strong alcohol which he drank to give himself “Dutch Courage”. Then he killed his sister. He subsequently claimed that he was so drunk that he did not know what he was doing, or possibly even that the drink had brought on a latent psychopathic state so that he was insane at the time of the killing. What was the Court’s decision?

The forms of laws are …

Executive branch is represented by the … in Russia

Law is made up of formulated legislation, including constitutions, statutes, treaties, … and codes; rules of law announced by the courts in deciding cases

… measures are referred to as acts or, in the case of bicameral legislatures, joint or concurrent resolutions of both houses

Medications or pharmaceuticals are also … and are regulated differently dependent on their level of health risk

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formally adopted by the … on December 10, 1948

The first English Bill of Rights contained such rights as … (choose 2 correct answers)

The rule of … is the political philosophy that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to

From a comparative perspective, British people have what is known as an ‘… constitution’, although some prefer to describe it as ‘uncodified’

Apart from Rospotrebnadzor, protection of … rights in Russia is also conducted by municipal authorities that review applications from consumers, give necessary consultations and apply to courts to protect consumers

The roots of rights and freedoms lie …

Product … in Russia is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Civil Code) and the Law “On Consumer Protection” dated 7 February 1992 (the Consumer Protection Law)

Stacy and several of her friends play in a women's hockey league at the skate rink. Quite frequently, the male rink attendants don’t give them their full allotted ice time. The attendants make jokes on the women. Stacy thinks that their rights are violated. She has even complained but the manager has done nothing and supported men. Have the rink attendants violated the young women's human rights?

The defendant had voluntarily consumed drugs to calm his nerves. Under the influence of the drugs, he had started shooting in the cottage in which he had been living, but claimed to have been unable to remember anything after taking the drugs. The defendant was convicted of causing criminal damage being reckless as to whether life would be endangered, following the trial judge’s direction to the jury that self-induced intoxication was not available by way of defence to a basic intent crime. The defendant appealed. What is the Court’s decision?

The laws are enforced according to their acceptance by …

It is not correct that laws can come from such sources as …

Imagine that in 2024 you will be president of your country. What branch will you represent? What will be your powers?

… values are the values that are often used

Common-law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules, so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. What is the guiding principle of Common-law legal systems? What is the idea behind

Rachel buys a commercial welding machine for her building business. A few weeks later, it breaks down. Can Rachel get a remedy from the store he bought it from?

The constitution is the main legal act of the State. It lays down the formation of a system of society and establishes the state structure, the order and justification of the idea of representatives, executive and judicial authorities, the electoral system, the rights and obligations of the state, society and citizens. Can it be argued that any constitution is the constitution of a state or society exclusively?

Analyze the following case: Therapist sent a third billing notice to a slow-to- pay client’s fax machine in her office but client did not report to work that day. The bill was titled “psychological services rendered” and handwritten in large print was “Third Notice – OVERDUE!!” with client’s name. This notice sat in an open access mail tray of the busy office all day. Was is reasonable? Is it allowed to send private material in such a manner?

The distinction between Public and Private Law is a purely academic debate, nevertheless, it also affects legal practice. There are areas of law, which may not fit into distinction of Public or Private Law. Study the following case: An employment inspector investigates workplace safety, checking all the equipment. The inspector investigates workplace incidents, and conducts workplace inspections to evaluate compliance. Decide whether it falls into the category of Public or Private law.

Another characteristic of the unwritten constitution is the special significance of political customs known as ‘…’, which oil the wheels of the relationship between the ancient institutions of state

Unlike most modern states, … does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one formed of Acts of Parliament, court judgments and conventions

Human Rights Without … (HRWF) is an international non-profit organization that promotes respect for human rights around the globe and advocates for democracy, the rule of law and social justice

Though the … often brings the formal charges, investigates the matter, and decides on the case, he or she works within a framework established by a comprehensive, codified set of laws

The role of the local custom as a source of law became increasingly important because … (choose 2 correct answers)

The Consumer Code in Italy came into force on 23 October 2005 and has been a … body of law for the protection of consumer rights

… is concerned with human actions, and the choice of those actions, and evaluates those actions, and the values that underlie them

… is the condition of being free of restraints, especially the ability to act without control or interference by another or by circumstance

… laws are statutory instruments made by local governments to regulate a broad range of issues within their communities

The body of rules, doctrines, and practices that govern the operation of political communities is …

There is a complex interconnection among drugs, alcohol, violence, and … behavior

According to the specialists, the current level of drug addiction is …

Drug abuse and … are associated with drug-related crimes

A … is a type of offense punishable under criminal law by less than 12 months in jail

The basic law of the state, which describes the structures and processes of government and the fundamental rights of citizens in a higher law that cannot be unilaterally changed by an ordinary legislative act is called the …

A … is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue

The Romans conceived of the all-encompassing … law of nature as the eternal framework to which constitutions, laws, and policies should conform – the constitution of the universe

The Stoics argued, all humans are endowed by nature with a spark of … by means of which they can perceive a universal natural law that governs all the world and can bring their behaviour into harmony with it

Roman law generally recognized …

Aristotle called people …

States that have a written … may also have a body of traditional or customary practices that may or may not be considered to be of constitutional standing

The Constitution is …

Stacy and several Black friends went to a café after school. They were having their lunch and laughing. Things started to change for the worse between their group and several White students sitting at another table. Food was thrown and the groups exchanged angry remarks. When the restaurant staff asked Stacy and her friends to leave the café, they felt angry and discriminated against. Did the café staff violate the group's human rights? Advise the café staff

The UN Commission on Human Rights proceeded a treaty – the International … on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) including its optional protocol

Rules of law that aspire to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses are called human …

For the first time in history, the issue of the protection of the minorities was raised by …

The branch of government that has the power to enforce laws in the country is the …

The body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions is … law

The process or product of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating law by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body is called …

…, statutes, case law and regulations are issued by government institutions

… of law are the materials and processes out of which law is developed

Consumers face high cost and time barriers to taking action against a business, resulting in low usage of consumer …

The Product Liability … of 1985 was the first consumer protection measure

The Federal Trade Commission’s mission is to protect consumers and promote …

The aim of the … is to share information about cross-border commercial activities that may affect consumer interests, and to encourage international cooperation among law enforcement agencies

The … and anti-monopoly laws passed both at the close of the 19th century, as well as the early years of the 20th century disallowed for the commercial monopolization of the commercial market for the first time in conjunction with recorded and mandated legislature within the United States

Reading … reviews can tell you more about a company or product

Consumer protection laws safeguard … of goods and services against defective products and deceptive, fraudulent business practices

The rights and responsibilities of consumers, legal provisions and mechanism for settlement of consumer grievances are called … protection

Historically, under the common law doctrine of caveat emptor, … had very little protection from misleading sales, requiring consumers to inspect all transactions themselves

You are a lawyer. Your client is Tatyana who bought boots in the shop 35 days ago. Yesterday she found out that her boots had a hole. She wants to have her money back as she states that it was a defective product. Can she return goods after 14 days of the purchase? Does she need to have a receipt? Who should pay for the expertise?

Product liability in Russia is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Civil Code) and the Law ‘On Consumer Protection’ dated 7 February … (the Consumer Protection Law)

The manufacturer (but not the seller) must compensate the … against losses suffered as a result of the product’s recall

A claim for damage caused to health, life or property may be brought against a … (either seller or executor) at the consumer’s discretion

The … is an organization, regardless of its organisational and legal form, and also an individual entrepreneur who perform works or render services to the consumers on the chargeable agreement

The … is an organization regardless of its organisational and legal form and also an individual entrepreneur who performs works or renders services to consumers under a cost contract

The basic feature of the Russian legislation regulating product liability is …

… is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in the marketplace

A comprehensive legal term that describes the condition of being actually or potentially subject to a legal obligation is …

The ethical norms, values, and principles that guide a profession and the ethics of decisions made within the profession are called … ethics

Both terminal and … values affect people’s personal as well as professional lives alike

Values are frequently regarded as “enduring …” that are stable and reflect the way the decisions are made.

Some scholars don’t distinguish between morals and …

The principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour are …

… values are the highest values in a person’s value system

The very first legislation known to history which affirmed the legal personhood of women is called the … of Hammurabi

Another important function of … is the protection of the legitimate interests of citizens

… secure guiding liberties and rights from the unreasonable intrusions by persons, organizations, or government

The oldest known evidence of a law code is the …

Civil claims are dealt with by … law