Реферат по английскому праву: наказания и договоры

Задание 1. Заполните текст о истории наказаний. Переведите текст.
From the History of Punishment
For the most history ... has been both painful and ... in order to act as deterrent to others. Physical punishments and public humiliations were social events and carried out in most accessible parts of towns, often on market days when the greater part of the population was present. Justice had to be seen to be done.
One of the most bizarre methods of ... was inflicted in ancient Rome on people found ... of murdering their fathers. Their punishment was to be put in a sack with a rooster, a viper, and a dog, and then drowned along with the three animals. In ... Greece the custom of allowing a ... man to end his own life by poison was extended only to full citizens. The philosopher Socrates died in this way. Condemned slaves were beaten to death instead. Stoning was the ancient method of punishment for ... among other crimes.
In Turkey if a butcher was found guilty of selling bad meat, he was tied to a post with a piece of stinking meat fixed under his nose, or a baker having sold short weight bread could be nailed to his door by his ear.
One of the most common punishments for petty offences was the ..., which stood in the main square of towns. The ... was locked by hands and head into the device and made to stand sometimes for days, while crowds jeered and pelted the offender with rotten vegetables or worse.
In ... Europe some methods of execution were ... drawn out to inflict maximum suffering. Felons were tied to a heavy wheel and rolled around the streets until they were crushed to death. Others were strangled, very slowly. One of the most terrible punishments was hanging and quartering. The ... was hanged, beheaded and the body cut into four pieces. It remained a ... method of punishment in Britain until 1814. ...was normally reserved for those of high rank. In England ‘block and axe’ was the common method but this was different from France and Germany where the victim kneeled and the head was taken off with a swing of the sword.

Задание 2. Заполните текст «Purpose of State Punishment»
THE PURPOSE OF STATE PUNISHMENT
What is the purpose of punishment? One purpose is obviously to ... the offender, to correct the offender's moral attitudes and anti-social behaviour and to ... him or her, which means to assist the offender to return to normal life as a useful member of the community.
Punishment can also be seen as a ... because it warns other people of what will happen if they are tempted to break the law and prevents them from doing so. However, the third purpose of punishment lies, perhaps, in society's desire for ..., which basically means revenge. In other words, don't we feel that a wrongdoer should suffer for his ...?
The form of punishment should also be considered. On the one hand, some believe that we should “make the punishment fit the crime”. Those who steal from others should be deprived of their own property to ensure that criminals are left in no doubt that .... For those who attack others ... should be used. Murderers should be subject to the principle “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” and automatically receive the ....
On the other hand, it is said that such views are unreasonable, cruel and ... and that we should show a more ... attitude to punishment and try to understand why a person commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable,... life.

3. Исправьте предложения.
a) Organs of legislative, executive and judicial power are interrelated.
b) The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federal Assembly on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.
c) The unicameral Federal Assembly, made up of the State Duma, adopts federal law, declares war, revises treaties, has the power of the purse, and has power of impeachment, by which it can remove the President.
d) The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Appeal and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.
e) State power in the subjects of the Russian Federation is exercised by the organs of state authority appointed by the President.
f) The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, the founder of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, of human and civil rights and freedoms.
g) The President of the Russian Federation defines the basic domestic and foreign policy guidelines of the state apart from the Constitution and federal laws.
h) The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of four years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of silent, equal and direct vote by secret ballot.
i) The heads of state organs responsible for security and defense are independent from the President.Показать/скрыть дополнительное описание