P.A. Cox - Inorganic chemistry (793955)
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Instant NotesInorganic ChemistrySecond EditionThe INSTANT NOTES seriesSeries Editor: B.D.Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKAnimal Biology 2nd editionBiochemistry 2nd editionBioinformaticsChemistry for Biologists 2nd editionDevelopmental BiologyEcology 2nd editionImmunology 2nd editionGenetics 2nd editionMicrobiology 2nd editionMolecular Biology 2nd editionNeurosciencePlant BiologyChemistry seriesConsulting Editor: Howard StanburyAnalytical ChemistryInorganic Chemistry 2nd editionMedicinal ChemistryOrganic Chemistry 2nd editionPhysical ChemistryPsychology seriesSub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UKPsychologyForthcoming titlesCognitive PsychologyPhysiological PsychologyInstant NotesInorganic ChemistrySecond EditionP.A.CoxInorganic Chemistry Laboratory,New College, Oxford, UKLONDON AND NEW YORK© Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004First published 2000Second edition 2004All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission.A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.ISBN 0-203-48827-X Master e-book ISBNISBN 0-203-59760-5 (Adobe eReader Format)ISBN 1 85996 289 0Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK and29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001–2299, USAWorld Wide Web home page: www.bios.co.ukGarland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers is a member of the Taylor & Francis GroupThis edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go towww.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”Distributed in the USA byFulfilment CenterTaylor & Francis10650 Toebben DriveIndependence, KY 41051, USAToll Free Tel.: +1 800 634 7064; E-mail: taylorandfrancis@thomsonlearning.comDistributed in Canada byTaylor & Francis74 Rolark DriveScarborough, Ontario M1R 4G2, CanadaToll Free Tel: +1 877 226 2237; E-mail: tal_fran@istar.caDistributed in the rest of the world byThomson Publishing ServicesCheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UKTel: +44 (0)1264 332424; E-mail: salesorder.tandf@thomsonpublishingservices.co.ukLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCox, P.A.Inorganic chemistry/P.A.Cox.—2nd ed.p.
cm.—(The instant notes chemistry series)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-85996-289-0 (pbk.)1. Chemistry, Inorganic—Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Title. II. Series.QD153.5.C69 2004 546′.02′02–dc22Production Editor: Andrea BosherCONTENTSAbbreviationsPrefaceSection A—viiixAtomic structureA1The nuclear atom2A2Atomic orbitals6A3Many-electron atoms11A4The periodic table15A5Trends in atomic properties19Section B—Introduction to inorganic substancesB1Electronegativity and bond type25B2Chemical periodicity29B3Stability and reactivity33B4Oxidation and reduction37B5Describing inorganic compounds41B6Inorganic reactions and synthesis45B7Methods of characterization49Section C—Structure and bonding in moleculesC1Electron pair bonds55C2Molecular shapes: VSEPR60C3Molecular symmetry and point groups65C4Molecular orbitals: homonuclear diatomics70C5Molecular orbitals: heteronuclear diatomics75C6Molecular orbitals: polyatomics79C7Rings and clusters83C8Bond strengths87viC9C10Section D—Lewis acids and bases91Molecules in condensed phases94Structure and bonding in solidsD1Introduction to solidsD2Element structures102D3Binary compounds: simple structures106D4Binary compounds: factors influencing structure111D5More complex solids115D6Lattice energies119D7Electrical and optical properties of solids124Section E—98Chemistry in solutionE1Solvent types and properties129E2Brønsted acids and bases133E3Complex formation137E4Solubility of ionic substances141E5Electrode potentials144Section F—Chemistry of nonmetalsF1Introduction to nonmetals149F2Hydrogen152F3Boron156F4Carbon, silicon and germanium160F5Nitrogen164F6Phosphorus, arsenic and antimony168F7Oxygen172F8Sulfur, selenium and tellurium176F9Halogens180Noble gases184F10Section G—Chemistry of non-transition metalsG1Introduction to non-transition metals188G2Group 1: alkali metals192G3Group 2: alkaline earths195G4Group 12: zinc, cadmium and mercury198viiG5Group 13: aluminum to thallium201G6Group 14: tin and lead205Section H—Chemistry of transition metalsH1Introduction to transition metals209H2Ligand field theory213H33d series: aqueous ions217H43d series: solid compounds220H54d and 5d series223H6Complexes: structure and isomerism226H7Complexes: kinetics and mechanism230H8Complexes: electronic spectra and magnetism233H9Complexes: π acceptor ligands237Organometallic compounds241H10Section I—Lanthanides and actinidesI1Lanthanum and the lanthanides247I2Actinium and the actinides250Section J—Environmental, biological and industrial aspectsJ1Origin and abundance of the elements254J2Geochemistry257J3Bioinorganic chemistry260J4Industrial chemistry: bulk inorganic chemicals265J5Industrial chemistry: catalysts269J6Environmental cycling and pollution273Further reading277The elements 1–103279The Periodic Table of Elements280Index281Appendix I—Appendix II—ABBREVIATIONS3c2e3c4e3DADPAnAOATPbccBOBPCBccpCNCpEEAEANEDTAEtfcchcpHOMOHSABIEInIUPACLLCAOLFSELMCTLUMOthree-center two-electronthree-center four-electronthree dimensionaladenosine diphosphateactinideatomic orbitaladenosine triphosphatebody-centered cubicbond orderboiling pointconduction bandcubic close packingcoordination numbercyclopentadienyl (C5H5)unspecified (non-metallic) elementelectron affinityeffective atomic numberethylenediamine tetraacetateethyl (C2H5)face-centered cubichexagonal close packinghighest occupied molecular orbitalhard and soft acid-base(first) ionization energynth ionization energy (n=1, 2,…)International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistryunspecified ligandlinear combination of atomic orbitalsligand field stabilization energyligand-to-metal charge transferlowest unoccupied molecular orbitalixLnMMeMLCTMOMPPhRRAMSNUVVBVEVSEPRXZlanthanideunspecified (metallic) elementmethyl (CH3)metal-to-ligand charge transfermolecular orbitalmelting pointphenyl (C6H5)organic group (alkyl or aryl)relative atomic masssteric numberultravioletvalence bandvalence electronvalence shell electron pair repulsionunspecified element (often a halogen)atomic numberPREFACEInorganic chemistry is concerned with the chemical elements (of which there are about 100) and the extremely variedcompounds they form.
The essentially descriptive subject matter is unified by some general concepts of structure,bonding and reactivity, and most especially by the periodic table and its underlying basis in atomic structure. As withother books in the Instant Notes series, the present account is intended to provide a concise summary of the core materialthat might be covered in the first and second years of a degree-level course. The division into short independent topicsshould make it easy for students and teachers to select the material they require for their particular course.Sections A–E discuss the general concepts of atomic structure, periodicity, structure and bonding, and solutionchemistry. The following Sections F–I cover different areas of the periodic table in a more descriptive way, although inSection H some concepts that are peculiar to the study of transition metals are also discussed.
The final section describessome aspects of inorganic chemistry in the world outside the laboratory.I have assumed a basic understanding of chemical ideas and vocabulary, coming, for example, from an A-levelchemistry course in the UK or a freshman chemistry course in the USA. Mathematics has been kept at a strict minimumin the discussion of atomic structure and bonding. A list of further reading is given for those interested in pursuing theseor other aspects of the subject.In preparing the second edition I have added three extra Topics, on reactions and synthesis, the characterization ofcompounds, and symmetry. A number of corrections and additions have also been made, including new material onnoble gases.
These changes aim to strengthen the coverage of synthesis and chemical reactivity, and I hope they willincrease the usefulness of the book as a concise account of the basics of inorganic chemistry.Many people have contributed directly or indirectly to the production of this book. I would particularly like to thankthe following: Howard Stanbury for introducing me to the project; Lisa Mansell and other staff at Garland/BIOS for theirfriendliness and efficiency; the anonymous readers and my colleagues Bob Denning and Jenny Green for their helpfulcomments on the first draft; my students past and present for their enthusiasm, which has made teaching inorganicchemistry an enjoyable task; and Sue for her love and understanding.Section A—Atomic structureA1THE NUCLEAR ATOMKey NotesElectrons and nucleiNuclear structureIsotopesRadioactivityRelated topicsAn atom consists of a very small positively charged nucleus, surroundedby negative electrons held by electrostatic attraction.
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