Tarik Al-Shemmeri. Engineering Thermodynamics (776123)
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Tarik Al-ShemmeriEngineering ThermodynamicsDownload free ebooks at bookboon.com2Engineering Thermodynamics© 2010 Tarik Al-Shemmeri & Ventus Publishing ApSISBN 978-87-7681-670-4Download free ebooks at bookboon.com3ContentsEngineering ThermodynamicsContentsPreface61. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 General DefinitionsThermodynamic SystemThermodynamic propertiesQuality of the working SubstanceThermodynamic Processes7789102.
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Thermodynamics working fluidsThe Ideal GasAlternative Gas Equation During A Change Of State:Thermodynamic Processes for gasesVan der Waals gas Equation of state for gasesCompressibility of GasesThe State Diagram – for SteamProperty Tables And Charts For Vapours11111313141617193. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 Laws of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of ThermodynamicsMethods of Measuring TemperatureInternational Temperature ScaleFirst Law of Thermodynamics3838383940Please click the advertdongenergy.com/jobdDear highly educated engineeringand finance students,if you are driven, ambitious, open-mindedand focused - we have a challenge for you.Actually, the greatest challenge in theworld. Curious? Visit dongenergy.com/jobBest wishesDONG EnergyDownload free ebooks at bookboon.com4ContentsEngineering Thermodynamics3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.6 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 3.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to closed SystemsInternal EnergySpecific HeatSystem WorkFirst Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Closed Systems (Cycle)First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Open SystemsApplication of SFEEThe Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Lay of Thermodynamics – statements:Change of Entropy for a Perfect Gas Undergoing a ProcessImplications of the Second Law of ThermodynamicsThird LawThe Third Law of Thermodynamics - Analysis4.
4.1 4.2 4.3 Thermodynamics Tutorial problemsFirst Law of Thermodynamics N.F.E.E ApplicationsFirst Law of Thermodynamics S.F.E.E ApplicationsGeneral Thermodynamics Systems40404144454646505052525455102102103104Please click the advertdongenergy.com/jobMay we offer you oneof the world’s greatestchallenges?In all humility.We are looking for highlyeducated engineers andfinance students.Join us at dongenergy.com/jobDownload free ebooks at bookboon.com5PrefaceEngineering ThermodynamicsPrefaceThermodynamics is an essential subject taught to all science and engineering students. If thecoverage of this subject is restricted to theoretical analysis, student will resort to memorising thefacts in order to pass the examination.
Therefore, this book is set out with the aim to present thissubject from an angle of demonstration of how these laws are used in practical situation.This book is designed for the virtual reader in mind, it is concise and easy to read, yet it presents allthe basic laws of thermodynamics in a simplistic and straightforward manner.The book deals with all four laws, the zeroth law and its application to temperature measurements.The first law of thermodynamics has large influence on so many applications around us, transportsuch as automotive, marine or aircrafts all rely on the steady flow energy equation which is aconsequence of the first law of thermodynamics. The second law focuses on the irreversibilities ofsubstances undergoing practical processes. It defines process efficiency and isentropic changesassociated with frictional losses and thermal losses during the processes involved.Finally the Third law is briefly outlined and some practical interrepretation of it is discussed.This book is well stocked with worked examples to demonstrate the various practical applicationsin real life, of the laws of thermodynamics.
There are also a good section of unsolved tutorialproblems at the end of the book.This book is based on my experience of teaching at Univeristy level over the past 25 years, and mystudent input has been very valuable and has a direct impact on the format of this book, andtherefore, I would welcome any feedback on the book, its coverage, accuracy or method ofpresentation.Professor Tarik Al-ShemmeriProfessor of Renewable Energy TechnologyStaffordshire University, UKEmail: t.t.al-shemmeri@staffs.ac.ukDownload free ebooks at bookboon.com61.
General DefinitionsEngineering Thermodynamics1. General DefinitionsIn this sectiongeneral thermodynamic terms are briefly defined; most of these terms will bediscussed in details in the following sections.1.1 Thermodynamic SystemThermodynamics is the science relating heat and work transfers and the related changes in theproperties of the working substance. The working substance is isolated from its surroundings inorder to determine its properties.System - Collection of matter within prescribed and identifiable boundaries. A system may beeither an open one, or a closed one, referring to whether mass transfer or does not take place acrossthe boundary.Surroundings - Is usually restricted to those particles of matter external to the system which maybe affected by changes within the system, and the surroundings themselves may form anothersystem.Boundary - A physical or imaginary surface, enveloping the system and separating it from thesurroundings.BoundarySystemSurroundingsIn flowOut flowMotorFigure 1.1: System/BoundaryDownload free ebooks at bookboon.com71.
General DefinitionsEngineering Thermodynamics1.2 Thermodynamic propertiesProperty - is any quantity whose changes are defined only by the end states and by the process.Examples of thermodynamic properties are the Pressure, Volume and Temperature of the workingfluid in the system above.Pressure (P) - The normal force exerted per unit area of the surface within the system. Forengineering work, pressures are often measured with respect to atmospheric pressure rather thanwith respect to absolute vacuum.Pabs = Patm + PgaugeIn SI units the derived unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1N/m2. This is very smallfor engineering purposes, so usually pressures are given in terms of kiloPascals (1 kPa = 103 Pa),megaPascals (1 MPa = 106 Pa), or bars (1 bar = 105 Pa). The imperial unit for pressure are thepounds per square inch (Psi)) 1 Psi = 6894.8 Pa.Specific Volume (V) and Density (ρ )For a system, the specific volume is that of a unit mass, i.e.v=volumemassUnits are m3/kg.It represents the inverse of the density, v = 1 .ρTemperature (T) - Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of the system.
The absolutetemperature of a body is defined relative to the temperature of ice; for SI units, the Kelvin scale.Another scale is the Celsius scale. Wherethe ice temperature under standard ambient pressure at sea level is: 0oC ≡ 273.15 Kand the boiling point for water (steam) is:100oC ≡ 373.15 KThe imperial units of temperature is the Fahrenheit whereToF = 1.8 x ToC + 32Internal Energy(u) - The property of a system covering all forms of energy arising from theinternal structure of the substance.Enthalpy (h) - A property of the system conveniently defined as h = u + PV where u is the internalenergy.Download free ebooks at bookboon.com81.
General DefinitionsEngineering ThermodynamicsEntropy (s) - The microscopic disorder of the system. It is an extensive equilibrium property.This will be discussed further later on.1.3 Quality of the working SubstanceA pure substance is one, which is homogeneous and chemically stable. Thus it can be a singlesubstance which is present in more than one phase, for example liquid water and water vapourcontained in a boiler in the absence of any air or dissolved gases.Phase - is the State of the substance such as solid, liquid or gas.Mixed Phase - It is possible that phases may be mixed, eg ice + water, water + vapour etc.Quality of a Mixed Phase or Dryness Fraction (x)The dryness fraction is defined as the ratio of the mass of pure vapour present to the total mass ofthe mixture (liquid and vapour; say 0.9 dry for example).
The quality of the mixture may bedefined as the percentage dryness of the mixture (ie, 90% dry).Saturated State - A saturated liquid is a vapour whose dryness fraction is equal to zero. Asaturated vapour has a quality of 100% or a dryness fraction of one.Superheated Vapour - A gas is described as superheated when its temperature at a given pressureis greater than the saturated temperature at that pressure, ie the gas has been heated beyond itssaturation temperature.Degree of Superheat - The difference between the actual temperature of a given vapour and thesaturation temperature of the vapour at a given pressure.Subcooled Liquid - A liquid is described as undercooled when its temperature at a given pressureis lower than the saturated temperature at that pressure, ie the liquid has been cooled below itssaturation temperature.Degree of Subcool - The difference between the saturation temperature and the actual temperatureof the liquid is a given pressure.Triple Point - A state point in which all solid, liquid and vapour phases coexist in equilibrium.Critical Point - A state point at which transitions between liquid and vapour phases are not clear.for H2O:Download free ebooks at bookboon.com91.
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