englt_banking (693318), страница 2
Текст из файла (страница 2)
The goldsmith in the table has a 100% reserve ratio. The reserve ratio is the ratio of reserves to deposits. Once he has made his loan, he has a 90% deposit ratio. This is a small risk with a small profit. How much dare he lend out in order to make a profit through his interest charges? What are the risks involved? Suppose the goldsmith took too much of a risk. He lent 80% of the gold he had. This panicked people. They doubted he could pay them all back, he was bound to lose some of the gold he had lent, so they rushed to get their gold back before it was too late. That was what we would now call a run on the bank, a financial panic. And the financial panic leads to exactly what people fear: the bank cannot pay them, goes bankrupt, and they go bankrupt as well.
VOCABULARY NOTES
rare - редкий
lines - штрафы
to measure their value accurately - точно измерить их стоимость
(ценность)
to divide into a wide range of amounts - разделить на много частей
(маленьких или больших)
precious metals - драгоценные металлы
gold bullion - золотой слиток
to deposit with - хранить, вкладывать
a goldsmith - золотых дел мастер
worked with gold for jewellery - делал золотые украшения
a guarded vault - охраняемый подвал, хранилищ:
to fetch - приносить, доставать
to transfer - переводить, передавать
once these letters or cheques,
became acceptable as a way of paying for goods - как только (когда) эти письма, или чеки, стали приниматься при оплате товаров
their money holdings- деньги, которые им принадлежали, которыми они владели
a bank loan - банковская ссуда, заем
a little interest - небольшой процент
the goldsmith was short of gold - у мастера не было достаточно золота
to reckon - полагать, считать
at any rate - во всяком случае
a transaction - сделка
to owe - быть должным
assets and liabilities - активы и пассивы
the vа1uе of his loan - стоимость ссуды, которую он дал
to equal - равняться, быть равным
the firm didn't really want to саrry that gold around, so it asked the goldsmith If, instead of actually taking the gold, it could be given a deposit - фирма не хотела держать золото при себе (носить золото с собой) и вместо того, чтобы на самом деле его забрать, попросила мастера принять это золото на хранение в виде вклада
(they) were worth $110 - их стоимость составляла, они оценивались (имели ценность) в 110 долларов
to write (syn. to draw, to issue, to make out) a cheque - выписать чек
his assets failed - зд. его активы снизились
to fail - (о банках) обанкротиться
initial loan - первоначальная ссуда
reserves - резервы
the amount of gold that is immediately available in the vault - запасы (количество) золота, которое всегда находится (и может быть немедленно получено) в хранилище банка
depositors' demands - требования вкладчиков
leaving himself with $90 -оставив себе только 90 долларов
to rely on - рассчитывать, надеяться на что-либо
the reserve ratio • резервная норма
dare - осмеливаться
to make a profit through his interest charges - получить прибыль за счет платежа процентов
What are the risks involved? - Чем он рискует?
to panic (panicked) -пугать, приводить в панику
to doubt - сомневаться
he was bound to lose some of the gold - он непременно должен был потерять часть золота
a run on the bank - натиск вкладчиков на банк
the financial panic - финансовая паника
to fear - опасаться, страшиться
to go bankrupt - обанкротиться
MODERN BANKING
(СОВРЕМЕННАЯ БАНКОВСКАЯ СИСТЕМА)
The goldsmith bankers were an early example of a financial intermediary.
A financial intermediary is an institution that specializes in bringing lenders and borrowers together.
A commercial bank borrows money from the public, crediting them with a deposit. The deposit is a liability of the bank. It is money owed to depositors. In turn the bank lends money to firms, households or governments wishing to borrow.
Banks are not the only financial intermediaries. Insurance companies, pension funds, and building societies also take in money in order to relend it. The crucial feature of banks is that some of their liabilities are used as a means of payment, and are therefore part of the money stock.
Commercial banks are financial intermediaries with a government licence to make loans and issue deposits, including deposits against, which cheques can be written.
Let's start by looking at the present-day UK banking system. Although the details vary from country to country, the general principle is much the same everywhere.
In the UK, the commercial banking system comprises about 600 registered banks, the National Girobank operating through post offices, and a dozen trustee saving banks. Much the most important single group is the London clearing banks. The clearing banks are so named because they have a central clearing house for handling payments by cheque.
A clearing system is a set of arrangements in which debts between banks are settled by adding up all the transactions in a given period and paying only the net amounts needed to balance inter-bank accounts.
Suppose you bank with Barclays but visit a supermarket that banks with Lloyds. To pay for your shopping you write a cheque against your deposit at Barclays. The supermarket pays this cheque into its account at Lloyds. In turn, Lloyds presents the cheque to Barclays, which will credit Lloyds' account at Barclays and debit your account at Barclays by an equivalent amount. Because you purchased goods from a supermarket using a different bank, a transfer of funds between the two banks is required. Crediting or debiting one bank's account at another bank is the simplest way to achieve this.
However on the same day someone else is probably writing a cheque on a Lloyds' deposit account to pay for some stereo equipment from a shop banking with Barclays. The stereo shop pays the cheque into its Barclays' account, increasing its deposit. Barclays then pays the cheque into its account at Lloyds where this person's account is simultaneously debited. Now the transfer flows from Lloyds to Barclays.
Although in both cases the cheque writer's account is debited and the cheque recipient's account is credited, it does not make sense for the two banks to make two separate inter-bank transactions between themselves. The clearing system calculates the net flows between the member clearing banks and these are the settlements that they make between themselves. Thus the system of clearing cheques represents another way society reduces the costs of making transactions.
The Balance Sheet of the London Clearing Banks.
Балансовый отчет лондонских клиринговых банков
Таbl. 7 shows the balance sheet of the London clearing banks. Although more complex, it is not fundamentally different from the balance sheet of the goldsmith-banker shown in Таbl 6. We'll begin by discussing the asset side of the balance sheet.
The Balance Sheet of the London Clearing Banks.
Assets | £b | Liabilities | £b |
| Sterling: Cash Bills and market loans Advances Securities Lending in other currencies Miscellaneous assets TOTAL ASSETS | 2,9 34,7 83,0 9,4 54,6 15,5 200,1 | Sterling: Sight deposits Time deposits CDs Deposits in other currencies Miscellaneous liabilitiesTOTAL LIABILITIES | 54,1 59,9 8,1 46,2 31,8 200,1 |
Cash assets are notes and coin in the banks' vaults. However, modem banks' cash assets also include their cash reserves deposited with the Bank of England. The Bank of England (usually known as the Bank) is the central bank or banker to the commercial banks.
Apart from cash, the other entries on the asset side of the balance sheet show money that has been lent out or used to purchase interest-earning assets. The second item, bills and market loans, shows short-term lending in liquid assets.
Liquidity refers to the speed and the certainty with which an asset can be converted back into money, whenever the asset-holders desire. Money itself is thus the most liquid asset of all.
The third item, advances, shows lending to households and firms. A firm that has borrowed to see it through a sticky period may not be able to repay whenever the bank demands. Thus, although advances represent the major share of clearing bank lending, they are not very liquid forms of bank lending. The fourth item, securities, shows bank purchases of interest-bearing hug-term financial assets. These can be government bonds or industrial shares. Although these assets are traded daily on the stock exchange, so in principle these securities can be cashed in any time the bank wishes, their price fluctuates from day to day. Banks cannot be certain how much they will get when they sell out. Hence financial investment in securities is also illiquid.
The final two items on the asset side of the balance sheet show lending in foreign currencies and miscellaneous bank assets. Total assets of the London clearing banks were £200,1 billion. We now shall examine how the equivalent liabilities were made up.
Deposits are chiefly of two kinds: sight deposits and time deposits. Whereas sight deposits can be withdrawn on sight whenever the depositor wishes, a minimum period of notification must be given before time deposits can be withdrawn. Sight deposits are the bank accounts against, which we write cheques, thereby running down our deposits without giving the bank any prior warning. Whereas most banks do not pay interest on sight deposits or cheque (checking) accounts, they can afford to pay interest on time deposits. Since they have notification of any withdrawals, they have plenty of time to sell off some of their high- interest investments or call in some of their high-interest loans in order to have the money to pay out deposits.
Certificates of deposit (CDs) are an extreme form of time deposit where the bank borrows from the public for a specified period of time and knows exactly when the loan must be repaid. The final liability items in Таbl. 7 show deposits in foreign currencies, miscellaneous liabilities, such as cheques, in the process of clearing.
VOCABULARY NOTES
a financial intermediary - финансовый посредник
to bring together - соединять, сводить вместе
insurance companies - страховые компании
pension lands - пенсионные фонды
the money stock - денежная масса, деньги в обращении
to issue deposits - открывать вклады
the National Girobank - англ. Национальный жиробанк
trustee saving banks - доверительные сберегательные банки
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