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Kate: In my class there are 18 girls and 12 boys. Guest: ...?
Kate: We have 6 lessons a day from Monday to Friday and 5 on Saturday.
Урок 2
Тема урока: изучение особенностей The Present Perfect Tense, The Past Indefinite Tense.
План урока:
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Организационная часть (2-3 мин.)
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Краткий обзор урока 1 (около 10 мин.)
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Изучение нового материала и практические упражнения:
3.1.) The Present Perfect Tense (около 30 мин.)
3.2.) The Past Indefinite Tense (около 30 мин.)
4) Обобщение пройденного материала и домашнее задание (10-15 мин.)
Примерное содержание частей урока, варианты упражнений и рекомендации преподавателю по ведению урока:
The Present Perfect Tense
Ознакомление с видо-временной формой The Present Perfect Tense учитель начинает с беседы:
«Сегодня мы будем говорить о событиях, происшедших до настоящего момента в вашей жизни, жизни вашего класса и школы. Но для этого необходимо изучить новую для вас грамматическую форму The Present Perfect Tense...»
Создав необходимую мотивационную готовность к усвоению данной грамматической структуры, учитель демонстрирует ее употребление в различных высказываниях типа:
This is Ann's exercise-book. She has written the test without any mistakes. Ann has learned the topic well. She has worked at English hard. She has got an excellent mark. Here it is.
And look at this picture, please. Can you guess who has drawn it? Yes, Sasha has drawn the picture. It's really nice. Sasha has learned to draw well. He can become an artist.
Контроль понимания значения Present Perfect осуществляется учителем в ходе формулирования правила с помощью наводящих вопросов:
1. Какие события, совершившиеся к моменту речи или вообще в прошлом, передает форма Present Perfect?
2. С какой целью употребляется Present Perfect: чтобы обратить внимание собеседника на возможность самого события или на время его совершения?
Форму Present Perfect следует раскрывать как систему значимых единиц, элементов языкового сообщения посредством сопоставления и противопоставления формообразования Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect.
Вопросительная и отрицательная формы вводятся методом сравнения.
Сравните следующие предложения и скажите, как образуются вопросительная и отрицательная формы настоящего совершенного времени:
1. They have finished their work. Have they finished their work? Yes, they have. No, they have not. What have they finished?
2. Nick has explained a new rule to Ann. Has Nick explained a new rule to Ann? What has Nick explained to Ann? What has Nick done? Who has explained a new rule to Ann?
После фонетической отработки форм глагола to have и Past Participle, необходимых для урока правильных и неправильных глаголов, следует перейти к языковым и условно-речевым упражнениям со зрительной опорой на грамматическую таблицу.
Для закрепления Present Perfect в устной речи учащихся используется серия упражнений:
1. Mr. Brown has mixed up some places of interest in our country. Correct his mistakes.
e.g.: I have been to the Pushkin Museum in Minsk.
2. Ask your friend what places of interest he/she has been to. e.g.: Have you been to the Kremlin?
3. Say what you have done today. Follow the model, please. e.g.: I have read an interesting story today.
4. Complete the following situations:
e.g.: Lena is cleaning the table. Now the table is clean. Ann ... (Ann has cleaned the table).
5. Say what interesting event has taken place in your life (at school) this year.
e.g.: My parents have presented me with a watch, etc.
6. Respond the statements and make them real by adding «already», «just», «not yet».
e.g.: P1.: I have finished school.
P2.: I haven't finished school yet.
7. Express your surprise:
e.g. Т.: John has read all the books by Jack London?
P.: Has he really read all the books by Jack London.
8. Ask your friend if he has done these actions. e.g.: Т.: We have cleaned our desks. And Peter?
P1.: Peter, have you cleaned your desk? P2.: Yes, I have.
9. Say what you or anybody else haven't done yet and why? e.g.: I haven't seen the film because I have no time.
10. Ask and answer the following situations. e.g.: My sister is out. Where ... (to go)?
11. Guess what your classmate has just done outside the door.
12. Complete the sentences and decide whether you must add «for» or «since»:
e.g.: Kate (play the piano) ... 1985.
Thomas (collect stamps) ... three years.
13. Listen to the dialogue. Then make up your own dialogues on analogy.
A.: Hello, Kate. What are you doing?
К..: I'm cleaning the room.
A.: I have already cleaned my room and I can come and help you. K.: Don't trouble. I have already cleaned the carpet, dusted the sideboard, the piano and the chairs. Now I am going to wash the floor. See you later. A: So long!
14. Criticize the statement and offer some more information. e.g.: T: Pete has won the first prize in the school competition.
P: Pete hasn't won the first prize. He hasn't taken
part in it. He is ill.
15. Answer the following questions, using Present Indefinite. Present Continuous and Present Perfect.
e.g.: What are you doing at the English lesson? Do you study English at school? Have you learned many English words?
16. Ask your deskmate if he / she has ever done the action you are doing-now.
e.g.: P1: I am writing a letter to my friend in England. Have you ever written a letter to England? P2.: No, I haven't. I have a pen-friend in Poland.
17. Make up a few sentences about sports competitions that have taken place in the last few months.
18. Make short episodes on your going shopping using the following
e.g.: Where have you bought this nice hat? I like it very much, etc.
19. Look at the picture and speak about:
a) what the boy has done before going to bed;
b) what the mother has done before inviting the family to table, etc.
20. Imagine that today is your birthday. You've laid the table and now you теге telling your friend what you've done to be sure nothing is wrong.
21. Tell your classmate what interesting and useful things you've done- this month (week, year).
The Past Indefinite Tense
Ознакомление с Past Indefinite Tense необходимо начинать с раскрытия его инвариантного значения в сопоставлении с прошедшим временем русского глагола и Present Perfect. Для этого во вводной беседе с учащимися повторяется форма The Present Perfect Tense и предъявляются речевые ситуации, с помощью которых раскрывается основное значение The Past Indefinite Tense. Завершается ознакомление с новой временной формой сравнением случаев употребления Present Perfect и Past Indefinite:
I see, you are good pupils. You have got ready for the lessons today. You have done your homework, haven't you? Have you brought your books, exercise-books and vocabularies? Now, let's discuss what useful things we have done this week and we are going to do. As for me, I have read the English book «Key to the Door» by A. Sillitoe and I am going to read his other books. And what about you?
Now listen to the following situations and try to understand what I say.
a) Look at the picture and listen to what John did yesterday morning: John often gets up early and he got up early yesterday. He opened the window, did his morning exercises, made his bed, washed his face and hands. He had breakfast. He did not wash all the dishes. He washed only some of them. He did not have very much time this morning.
b) P., stand up, please. Come to the blackboard, take a piece of chalk, write a word, and go to your seat. Sit down, please ... Some seconds ago Peter stood up, came to the blackboard, took a piece of chalk, wrote a word and then went to his seat.
Для того чтобы не было ложной ассоциации с Present Perfect, последнее действие (Не sat down) не комментируется совсем.
c) And now listen to what I did yesterday morning.
Yesterday I got up at 7 o'clock. I did my morning exercises. After that I went to the bathroom. There I brushed my teeth and washed my face and hands.
Did I get up at 7 o'clock? Yes, I did.
Did I get up at 9 o'clock? No, I didn't.
I got up at 7 o'clock, didn't I?
Did I get up at 7 or 9 o'clock?
I got up at 7 o'clock.
Чтобы сопоставление было убедительным, целесообразно обратиться к таблице:
| Present Perfect | Past Indefinite |
| I have cleaned my room The room is clean now | I cleaned my room It was yesterday |
Ознакомив учащихся с таблицей, можно предложить им прочитать предложения из таблицы и перевести их; прослушать пары предложений и указать те, в которых говорится о действии, имевшем место в прошлом, и предложения, в которых речь идет о действии, совершившемся к моменту речи, и т. д.
Когда упражнения выполнены учащимися, учитель делает резюме:
«Таким образом, если нужно рассказать о событиях, которые уже совершились, и при этом необходимо подчеркнуть их важность, в английском языке используется форма Present Perfect; если же говорящего больше интересует само событие и время его совершения, то употребляется форма Past Indefinite.»
Для тренировки Past Indefinite в речи учащимся можно предложить упражнения типа:
1. Form Past Indefinite from the following verbs: bring, begin, do, go, meet, read, write, speak, tell, say.
2. Agree with me if you did the action yesterday.
e.g.: Yesterday I wanted to go to the park but I couldn't, etc.
3. Expand the following statements. Use the words given in brackets. e.g.: Pete brought flowers last week (beautiful, for Mary,
etc).
4. Say what you or anybody else did it yesterday. e.g.: Every day I begin lessons at 3 o'clock.
Yesterday I began lessons at 2 o'clock.
5. Say what you usually do in the morning (in the afternoon, at night).
6. Say what you did yesterday (last morning, last afternoon, last night).
7. Listen to the situation. Ask and answer questions about Arthur:
Arthur is back from London. He went there this morning. Julia is at the station to meet him. «Did you have a good time in London?» she asks. «Yes, I did, and I met an old friend on the train this morning».
«Did the train get into London on time?»
«No, it didn't. It was late again!»
a) When / London d) Where
b) a good time e) train on time
c) When / old friend
8. Read the following questions and select the proper answer from the given four.
9. Listen to the dialogue and practise it: A. Did you stay at home last night?
В.: Yes, I did.
A.: What did you do?
В.: I watched TV.
10. Arrange the following the last day of Lena's holidays.
sentences so as to have a story about
11. Speak about your winter holidays. Use the given word-combinations as a guide:
to go to the forest, to skate and ski, etc.
Автоматизация навыка употребления Present Perfect и Past Indefinite должна проходить на основе их противопоставления. Речевой грамматический навык совершенствуется путем активизации в учебном разговоре форм Present Perfect и Past Indefinite в составе диалогических и монологических высказываний:
1. Read the following conversation. Observe where Present Perfect and Past Indefinite are used.
A.: Have you ever seen that film?
В.: Yes, I have.
A.: When did you see it?
В.: I saw it last week.
2. Listen to the English sentences and practise the ones translated on your cards. (Используется раздаточный материал.)
1). Tom has opened the window, and it is cold now.
2). During the break Tom opened the window.
3. Look at the picture and say which sentence is right. Why? (Используется рисунок, на котором изображена дочь, встречающая отца с работы.)
1). Father has come home from work.
2). Father came home from work at 7 o'clock yesterday, etc.
4. Select the proper tense-form of the verb:
— Where is Jack? went
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