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In the theory of economic systems use the following definition of structure: "The structure of economic system acts as steady in space and in time the distribution of decisions and the resources providing them expressed in isolation and interaction of the administrative centers" [37, 39]. Such definition allows to allocate three main components inherent in the economic structure consisting of set of the enterprises relating to various branches. It, first of all, production structure - a partition of group of companies on production facilities, each of which works on increase in consumer value, the principles of their construction, an interconnection and placement. The production structure of economic system defines division of labor between its separate units, that is intrasystem specialization and cooperation of production (a set of technologically possible actions) (39, 40]. The variety of possible actions is defined, in turn, by a set of resources of economic system and is realized by means of control systems [22, 27, 34]. The production structure of system defines structure of the made production and structure of the consumed resources, including and labor.
As structure of interindustry industrial complex to which the regional tourist complex belongs, we understand set of the enterprises as the organizational units of complete tourist system relating to various branches of economy and placed in the territory of the region, characterized by structure, the contents, proportions and communications of the different types of tourist activity which are carried out within this set of branches. Each enterprise is the certain compound unit representing set of the means of labor and labor intended for production and realization of goods and services for tourists, and also their life support [39]. Besides, tourist complexes create structure of management to provide coordination and control of activity of the compound units. Structures of social and economic systems and control systems differ from each other in complexity (extent of division of activity into various functions), formalization (extent of use of in advance established rules and procedures), a ratio of centralization and decentralization (levels at which administrative decisions) are made [36].
We will note that the main components of structure of a regional tourist complex is the following: structure of the let-out products, production structure, functional structure of the enterprises of a complex, structure of a control system, infrastructure of a complex and its proportion, structure of resources of a complex and its economic potential.
All types of offers in the tourist market have to be oriented on the specific consumer, on his wishes, tastes and the purposes of travel. Tourist motives and requirements as the defining demand components, are a basis of activity of the tourist enterprises, cause competitiveness of the made tourist's product of all region. Thus two-uniform and complementary approach is important: on the one hand, careful, objective studying of motives and needs of the consumer, orientation on them of production, addressing of a tourist's product; with another — active impact on the existing requirements and their formation and development.
The modern tourist offer is various. It should be noted that formation of different types of tourist products in many respects depends on features of development of a tourist complex, on the developed administrative regulation of tourist activity and specifics of the regional environment.
The structure of a tourist complex is formed under the influence of external and internal factors, depends on the tourist capacity of the region and its availability, a level of development of the infrastructure of the region necessary for service of tourists, a level of development of regional economy and the competitive environment. In development of a tourist complex there is a change of its structure under the influence of the operating decisions.
The structure of any system plays a key role in its successful development and functioning [29]. Therefore questions of rationalization of structure of system and definition of the directions of achievement that are very important.
Rationality (from armor. ratio — reason) — the term in the broadest sense meaning a rationality, intelligence, contrast of irrationality [30]. This one of many definitions of concept of rationality.
The concept of rationality occupies one of the central places in social and economic sciences. At the same time, high degree of uncertainty is inherent in this concept. Therefore discussions concerning the content of this concept are conducted in sociology and interdisciplinary sciences for a long time and proceed still. The founder of the theory of rationality Max Weber is considered [14, 27]. After Max Weber in the theory of rationality there were some more directions which strongly differ with each other and even are characterized by various terminology [33].
Many modern researchers agree with the thesis that rationality possesses such properties as relativity and incompleteness, though can disperse a little in interpretation of these properties [27].
From our point of view, degree of rationality of structure of a regional tourist complex is defined by the level of compliance of products of a complex to the existing, created demand for its production, possibility of a complex to reach planned or goals with the smallest expenses of time and resources. These criteria are rather general and have the generalized character. Using only these criteria, it is difficult in practice to define this or that structure of a regional tourist complex is rational and what degree of this rationality, i.e. on the basis of only these criteria it is difficult to create an effective technique of an assessment of rationality of structure of a complex. It is expedient to allocate a number of working criteria of rationality of structure of a regional tourist complex, each of which would characterize one of the main aspects of rationality of structure.
For creation of a productive technique of an assessment of rationality of structure of a regional tourist complex, it is necessary to use system and complex approaches and to consider all main components of structure of a complex.
According to concept of rationality we allocated signs of rationality of a tourist complex of the region.
Economic rationality means that the economic system seeks for achievement of a goal and counts comparative expenses of a choice of means of its achievement. Uncertainty and ambiguity of concept of rationality of big degree is caused by opportunities of accurate information of the purpose. Rationalization of business becomes the engine of development and deployment of new materials for creation of products, new ways of the organization a heap, new ways of advance of goods. Rationalism forms requirement to define prospect of improvement of own business activity at subjects of the market
Allocation of signs of rationality allows to approach from scientific positions the formulation of the purpose and criteria of a choice of options of its achievement.
The key element promoting development of a tourist complex is the developed management system of regulation of tourist activity in the territory of the region. Development of a regional tourist complex has to be carried out within special regional programs [12]. The program defines the purposes and policy of development of tourism in the region. Therefore programs of development of a tourist complex of the region are the main instrument of creation of rational structure.
Owing to the features inherent in a regional tourist complex, the main role in development of programs of development of tourism in the region is assigned to the state administrative governing bodies of an appropriate subject of the Russian Federation.
The program has to provide high investment appeal of tourist sector of economy of the region. When forming programs global interests of all population, and not just the enterprises of the tourist industry have to be considered. Administrative governing bodies through implementation of programs have to provide improvement of quality of life of the population of the region, the solution of environmental problems, safety of natural resources for future generations [12].
The program of development of regional tourism and, especially, its realization on the basis of a tourist complex have to be provided with functioning and development of public-private partnership which is created for the purpose of increase of efficiency of activity of a tourist complex through researches and the analysis of tourist and recreational requirements which knowledge just and promotes increase of efficiency of processes of production and consumption of a regional tourist product.
1.3 Modern concepts of development of a tourist complex and its structure
Increase of tourist activity of the population happens in process of growth of social and economic wellbeing of society, development of its material base, degree of familiarity and availability of tourist resources [38]. All these prerequisites of development of tourism in the world and various countries gain active development in recent years. However the scientific judgment of an economic role of tourism in complex social economic development of territories lags behind the developing practice of their tourist development. First of all, it is connected with that realization of the existing scientific development and theories is interfaced to considerable difficulties of economic and organizational character [38].
However rather wide experience of the organization of tourist activity which needs generalization and the analysis is so far saved already up. Now actually to study progressive world experience of effective functioning of the industry of tourism, to carry out the analysis of structure of the organizational and economic mechanism of the management influencing development of regional tourism to create system of indicators of an assessment of structure of tourist complexes and degree of its rationality to define the directions of development of the tourist sphere in general, and also increase in tourist streams not only due to entrance tourism, but also at the expense of the internal. Development of programs of development and a control system of regional tourist complexes demands use of scientific approach. In the theory some concepts of development of regional tourism are known.
As the most known concepts of development of tourism are considered:
- concept of management of coastal zones (CMCZ);
- concept of a tourist cluster;
- concept of a tourist destination.
Concept of integrated management of coastal zones. Coastal zones around the world are zones of the most intensive operation of natural resources in interests of different types of economic activity, including housing, port and industrial and resort complexes, navigation, fishery, system of water use. Development of coastal zones has to be based on deep understanding of the processes happening in their territory, and also on knowledge of their functions in national economy [15, 39]. Coastal territories have very high risk of environmental disasters that assumes observance of the acceptable balance between short-term benefits and long-term assets.
The conflicts between different categories of users in coastal zones become more and more obvious. However prompt increase, both the traditional kinds of activity and new lead to excessive use and degradation of environment" [29].
The amplifying degradations and excessive use of seaside resources demand strengthening of a role of organizational and administrative decisions and structure of management. In general integrated management of coastal zones for the purpose of receiving desirable results is urged to solve this problem.
The balance is more whole than different types of economic activity of the person, is more whole than environmental protection and rational use of natural resources defined prerequisites for development integrated, or complex, the approach to management of coastal zones (СZ) which is the instrument of development of programs of a sustainable development of coastal regions [13].
СZ is considered as "the dynamic process directed on development and practical realization of the coordinated strategy of distribution of nature protection, sociocultural and institutional resources for preservation and steady repeated use of a coastal zone" [24].
It is possible to divide advantages from use of СZ into 2 classes: moral and economic.
Moral benefits from introduction of СZ are that it allows to keep the nature and its resources for future generations (sustainable development), it also promotes preservation and stimulation of social equality and preservation of traditional use and equal access to coastal resources.
It is possible to carry the following to economic benefits:
- comprehensive planning allows to save funds for compensation actions since sectoral planning demands big expenses in comparison with the complex.
Stages of realization of СZ. Realization of СZ in the region usually happens in some stages [15].
Usually allocate the following stages: activity initiation, planning, implementation of the program of a sustainable development, monitoring and assessment. Each stage includes some tasks which have to be solved at this stage. The solution of tasks of stages has to be considered as the repeated closed cycle. Recurrence is necessary because on everyone a stage it can become clear that the previous stage wasn't executed in sufficient volume. Isolation of system is caused by introduction of processes of СZ, emergence of understanding of the phenomena and regularities of functioning of the coastal are young, and also new opportunities of development and threats.
Implementation of СZ is an iterative and cyclic process. At introduction of СZ preparation of organizational, legislative and financial offers for support of necessary integration of management in the future is main. When the decision on integrated management is made, specification of the plan and its realization in the course of which continuous monitoring and an assessment of the program are carried out begins. In view of the fact that becomes more increasing than available knowledge of coastal system, can be initiated or unite with existing new projects, politicians, strategy, plans, programs, etc.
Process of integration of management of coastal zones has to be supported by a set of methods, tools and means. Each of them is used at one, several or all stages described above. The analysis of policy is also constantly carried out.
The analysis of regional policy is a method which structures the purposes of development and provides a strategy assessment at the first stages. Political tools support realization of СZ. Management of databases and technologies GIS (geographical information systems) are important throughout almost all process. The EIA methods (an assessment of influence on environment) have to be used for an assessment of influence of the СZ program (planning) or for an assessment of the projects realized within the СZ program (realization).
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