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Раздел 1

Развитие международного туризма в России

Консультант кафедры «Иностранные языки и межкультурная коммуникация»

Старший преподаватель Е.Л. Рябкова

1 Development of the international tourism in Russia

1.1 Capacity of Russia for development of the international tourism

The modern tourist industry is one of the largest highly profitable and most dynamically developing branches of the world economy. The number of workplaces in the sphere of tourism made 192 million, or 8 percent from the general indicators of employment in the world. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund, tourism since 1998 came out on top in world export of goods and services (532 billion US dollars, or 7,9 percent from 6,738 trillion US dollars), having overtaken automotive industry (7,8 percent), production of chemical products (7,5 percent), food (6,6 percent), computers and office equipment (5,9 percent) and fuels (5,1 percent). According to forecasts of the WTO, in the next decades growth rates of tourism will remain. So, by 2020 the number of the international tourist arrivals has to grow by 2,2 times in relation to 2000 (from 698 million to 1,561 billion trips). Even more considerably - by 4,2 times - the income from tourism has to increase: from 476 billion to 2 trillion US dollars.

Tourism is considered as one of the most profitable and intensively developing branches of the world economy for a long time. Testifies that fact to it that about 10% of a world gross national income fall to the share of tourism.

Development of the international tourism plays an important role in the solution of social problems. In many countries of the world due to the international tourism new workplaces are created, the high standard of living of the population is supported, prerequisites for improvement of the balance of payments of the country are created. Need of development of the sphere of the international tourism promotes education level increase, improvement of system of medical care of the population, introduction of new means of distribution of information, etc.

By the beginning of the third millennium 8% of total amount of world export and 30-35% of world trade by services fell to the share of the international tourism. The general expenses on internal and international tourism make 12% of a world gross national product. The Russian Federation, despite the high tourist potential, takes an insignificant place in the world tourist market. About 1 percent of a world tourist stream falls to its share.

By estimates of the WTO, potential opportunities of Russia allow to accept at an appropriate level of development of tourist infrastructure to 40 million foreign tourists a year. However today the number of the foreign guests coming to Russia with the business, tourist and private purposes makes 7,4 million people that doesn't correspond to its tourist potential. Travel business is the most dynamically developing branch of world economy. Current trends in development of tourism testify to increase of its influence both on world economy in general, and on economy of the countries.

Potential of the Russian entrance tourism is explained, first, by existence at our country of numerous tourist resources which thanks to the uniqueness, exoticism, availability are extremely demanded among potential foreign tourists. Secondly, the interest in Russia and the events occurring to it shown by foreign mass media and simple inhabitants simplify advance of a national tourist product of Russia in the world tourist market, providing popularity of the national tourist centers and objects of tourist display. Thirdly, the culture of the Russian people, thanks to a world fame of their brightest representatives, historical triumphs and, not least, the numerous migrants living now in many countries of the world is popular practically everywhere. At last, in the fourth, formation of a competitive Russian tourist product quite perhaps thanks to rather high qualification of labor.

For Russia development of the international tourism especially important since this branch is the favorable environment for functioning of the enterprises of small and medium business capable to develop without considerable budgetary appropriations, and it is perspective for attraction of foreign investments in wide scales and in short terms.

Russia loses billions of rubles, refusing to the international tourism support. Geopolitical position of Russia as parts of the European, and Asian continent is that factor which allows to keep its tourist originality and appeal to tourists of the whole world. Russia is interesting to tourists today from any country since it is a place of refraction and interpenetration of the European and Asian cultures. However, despite the proceeding growth of tourist activity in Russia, influence of the industry of tourism on national economy still slightly.

It is adequate to a contribution of the state to development of this branch and restrains generally absence of real investments, low level of hotel service, deficiency of qualified personnel - all this led to that now less than 1% of a world tourist stream while the tourism share in many developed countries makes 5-15% is the share of our country, and in some reaches 50%. In Russia tourist business develops mainly with orientation to departure. However the tendency of reorientation to entrance tourism in recent years was outlined.

The major factors constraining development of entrance tourism are:

- an image of Russia as the countries, adverse for tourism, created by separate foreign and domestic mass media;

- the operating order of issue of the Russian visas to citizens of the foreign states, safe in the migratory relation;

- undeveloped tourist infrastructure, considerable moral and physical wear of the existing material resources, small quantity of hotel means of placement of a tourist class (2 - 3 stars) with the modern level of comfort;

- lack of practice of creation by subjects of the Russian Federation of favorable conditions for investments into means of placement of tourists and other tourist infrastructure;

- absence till 2002 of the state noncommercial advertizing of tourist opportunities of the country abroad;

- discrepancy of the price and quality of placement in hotels.

1.2 Regional tourist complex and signs of rationality of its structure

The tourist industry is one of the largest, the highly profitable and most dynamically developing branches of the world economy, creating about 10% of a world gross national product now.

Tourism takes a special place in activity of any society. Modern production of tourist products can't be presented isolated, isolated, functioning and developing out of national or regional economy.

Tourism, anyway, makes impact on various spheres of life of society. Economically tourism is considered:

- as a certain set of the public relations in the sphere of production, an exchange, distribution and consumption of production;

- as the part of an economic complex of the country including certain branch types of production and economic activity;

- as the economic science studying tourism as branch of economy of the country or region;

- as the social science studying behavior in spheres of production of a tourist product, its consumption, distribution and an exchange. Economists analyze the processes happening in these spheres, predict their consequences for natural persons, the organizations and society in general;

- as the modern economic theory studying behavior of people as economic entities at all levels of tourist economic system in processes of production, distribution, an exchange and consumption of tourist services for satisfaction of human wants at limited resources of a family, firm and society in general [19].

In real economic activity production of tourist projects is based on the interindustry production cooperation connecting tourism and the branches of economy interfaced to it which, on the one hand, deliver to tourism necessary means of production, production specifications i.e. form material base of tourism. with another

- bring the made tourist products to the consumer [31]. On the basis of such interaction of various branches and productions also there is a tourist complex which represents the functional diversified subsystem expressing interrelation, interaction of tourism and the branches of economy interfaced to it on production and realization of tourist products, goods and services.

Each separate tourist service (placement, food, transportation, excursions, improving services, etc.) can't satisfy all needs of the tourist. There is an objective need of association of the most various tourist services in a uniform complex - round, or a tourist product.

Now there is a large number of types of a tourist product which can be united in two groups: single simple products (service and a subject) and difficult, organizationally and/or spatially the integrated products [40].

Organizationally the integrated products are a set of the simple products united by the general concept and management and for which spatial localization is of secondary importance. Spatial integration unites products for which exact geographical localization has fundamental value (objects, routes, places).

The tourist product can consist of many, sometimes absolutely diverse components existing in various versions and combinations. The structure and structure of a tourist product are formed from the point of view of their compliance to needs (demand) of tourists.

It is possible to tell that the tourist product represents set of the factors causing travel, and also receiving and accumulation of the related impressions.

Now in Russia in tourist sector of economy the set of tourism organizations of various forms of ownership and individual entrepreneurs functions. The short production cycle, high profitability, lack of a work in progress — is only some advantages of tourist industry.

In a tourist complex set of the enterprises participating in process of service of tourists, and forming system of tourist business functions.

The modern industry of tourism in Russia as a part of regional tourist complexes includes a number of economic entities - the enterprises making tourist services, forming territorial tourist products and realizing them:

- firms — producers of tourist services (clinics, sanatoria, health resorts, recreation facilities, etc.);

- the firms tour operators, i.e. the firms forming and developing a tourist product;

- the tourist agencies acting as sellers of the tourist product created by tour operators;

- the specialized firms providing services of placement;

- specialized enterprises of food [28];

- specialized transport enterprises;

- the trade enterprises and trading companies specializing on goods for tourists;

- the enterprises of the sphere of leisure in tourism;

- state enterprises (national, regional, municipal enterprises of unitary and joint-stock character [22].

Some researchers classify all enterprise structures making goods and services for tourists on [24]:

- the primary - are intended directly for service of tourists (sanatoria, boarding houses, camp sites, etc.);

- the secondary - are intended for service mainly of tourists though also also locals can use their services (catering establishments, the enterprises of culture, etc.);

- the tertiary - as a rule, are intended for service of locals, but also for satisfaction of the requirements also tourists (public transport, mail, etc.) can use their services.

Specifics of production, realization and consumption of tourist products predetermine variety of types of business. Tourist industry can be classified by fields of activity, forms of ownership, number of owners and other signs. On forms of ownership tourist industry can be private, municipal, state. In tourist sector of economy private form of ownership prevails [24].

Types of tourist industry are presented in the All-Russian qualifier of types of economic activity, production and services (OKDP) which is created on the basis of the International Standard Branch Classification (ISBC) and the International classification of the main products that provides comparability of the Russian and international standards of service and the maximum compliance to laws of branch management in the conditions of the market.

K. Gatev defines structure as "the internal structure of the set set on value of certain signs expressed by quantitatively specific weight of parts (groups) whole" [20].

It is accepted to understand the ordered set of interactions of the elements which are among themselves in the steady relations providing their development and functioning as a whole [31] as economic structure of system.

Act as basic elements of economic structure:

- social and economic relations (person and relations of property);

- organizational forms of economic activity (production facilities, organization of production, division, specialization and labor co-operation);

- economic mechanism (governmental bodies, state budget, monetary and credit system, economic institutes, mechanism of development and adoption of administrative decisions, norms and rules of economic behavior, form of government, etc.);

- concrete economic relations between the subjects managing in the market as a part of system.

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