Подольская Ю. 350 группа (1223719), страница 12

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For analytical purposes a huge variety of tradable services can be grouped by other characteristics. In the case of a broad approach to the classification of services, which is adopted by the world Bank, income is considered. In line with this approach, services can be divided into:

1. factor services – payments arising in connection with the international production factor movement, especially capital and labor (income on investments, royalties and license fees, wages paid to non-residents);

2. non-factor services – other services (transport, travel and other non-financial services).

There is also a classification of services depending on their method of delivery to the consumer:

1. services related to investment banking, hospitality and professional;

2. services related to trade, transport, insurance, etc.;

3. servicessimultaneously associated with investment and trade – communication, construction, computer and information services, personal, cultural and recreational services.

According to another classification of the main types of international services include transport services, travel (travel services), communication services, construction services, insurance services, financial services, computer and information services other business services.

Transport services include all types of transport service carried out by means of transport: air, rail, road, inland waterway, maritime and other species, including piping. Such services include:

1. freight and passenger transportation by all modes of transport;

2. freight forwarding services;

3. rent (charter) with driver;

4. transportation of oil, gas and other pipelines;

5. others, connected with transportation, transportation work and services performed on a contractual basis.

Communication services include transactions between residents and non-residents for maintenance of communication systems.

Construction services include construction and installation, construction repair, construction and restoration work.

Insurance services include various types of insurance by insurance companies of the country for foreign partners and vice versa.

Financial services include services provided by financial intermediaries in connection with the provision of credit lines for transactions with securities, letters of credit, bank acceptances, financial leasing, foreign currency transactions, etc.

Computer and information services include the operation, during which the resident provides processing data services and informational messagesto the non-resident and vice versa.

The state services contain all kinds of services related to the activities of the General government sector, international and regional organizations.

Engineering (engineering consulting services) is a separate independent field of activity of the complex of services of a commercial nature for the preparation and management of the process of production and realization of products, servicing the construction and operation of industrial, infrastructural, agricultural and other facilities. In modern conditions the role of engineering as an object of international trade has increased substantially. These services are specialized firms, construction and industrial companies on a commercial basis.

Consulting is a type of consulting services provided to companies and enterprises in the form of consultations on economic affairs on a commercial basis. These consultations are provided by specialized firms on a wide range of problems – analytical reviews of economic activity of enterprises for a certain period, markets operation forecasts, feasibility studies of various projectsdevelopment, etc. Consulting firm works for businesses and companies in export-import strategy. Thus they operate at both the national territory and abroad, opening their own branches or participating in mixed company in the same direction.

Other business services cover various types of international services:

1. -legal and accounting services, consulting services in the field of management and in the field of public relations;

2. -services in the field of advertising and market research;

3. -scientific research and experimental development;

4. -architectural, engineering and other technical services;

5. -service for the processing or treatment of products;

6. -repair services for vehicles, etc.

Tourist services comprise income (expense) from foreign tourism and mainly include services, hotels, places of public catering.

Next, we are going to consider such a type of the tourism industry, as medical tourism.

Medical tourism is a complex service, which includes the program of examination and treatment abroad, accommodation and support for the patient in the clinic, a hotel, a solution to all the domestic problems of the patient during his stay on treatment.

According to the world tourism organization (WTO) treatment and recovery are among the most important tourist motivations. Today, medical tourism is becoming truly global in scope. Over the past 15 years, the number of visits for treatment has increased by 10%worldwide.And you can say that the process of formation of the world market of medical tourism is being actively pursued.

Till now there are disputes about which kinds of tourism should be attributed to medical tourism, and which ones – to the health-improving tourism.

Medical tourism has several directions:

1. Medical – if a foreign patient comes for a specific treatment, being already diagnosed.

2. Health – to improve healthoverall.

3. Diagnostic – when the patient has doubts in diagnosis and needs help of qualified doctors abroad.

Modern medical tourism is a rapidly developing branch of modern medicine. Medical tourism has gained high popularity due to the lack of high-quality medical care in developing countries and the extremely high cost of treatment in developed countries.

Foreign patients travel for treatment abroad in order to recover: to undergo a detailed examination with the correct diagnosis, to do a surgery, to discuss their problems with world class professors. People go for medicine of international standards.

The process of examination, diagnosis, and treatment requires preparation and bulk logistics. Schedule all necessary diagnostic procedures and consultations shall be prepared in advance.Moreover, the issues of transport, housing and other domestic problems are solved according to the peculiarities of treatment.

Medical tourism is a rapidly developing sector of world tourism, which opens vast new possibilities for diagnosis and treatment for people from different countries. Today, more and more countries are willing to accept medical tourists and provide them with medical services of international standard.

Medical tourism (also called medical tourism, medical travel for health tourism or global healthcare) is a term, originally introduced in the turnover of travel agents and the media to describe the rapidly growing practice of travelling across international borders to take advantage of medical services.

Such services are providedby both diversified and specialized clinics where they can get treatment from the best foreign experts in accordance with the standards of medicine adopted abroad. Typical is the separation of individual specializations, which are given special attention, as, for example, subdivide surgery: orthopedics, cardiac surgery, dental surgery, plastic surgery, etc. With virtually every kind of medical care available, including mental health, as well as its alternatives, rehabilitation and, in extreme cases, even a memorial service, if necessary.

The concept of medical tourism is not new. The first recorded case of medical tourism dates back to those times, when Greek pilgrims, traveling throughout the Mediterranean, came upon a small territory in the Saronic Gulf called Epidauria. This area was the traditional home of the servants of the God Asclepius, who was revered as the God of healing. Epidauriahas been a traditional stopping place for the restoration of health.

The cities and resorts can be considered as an early form of medical tourism. In the eighteenth century England was a known places with curative mineral waters, where patients came to visit the resorts, as they believed that the sources could deliver them from gout, liver problems and bronchitis. Russian aristocracy also used to go "take water procedures" in the eighteenth-nineteenth century.

Today, there are many factors that explain the growing popularity of medical tourism such as high healthcare costs in the country, large waiting times for certain procedures, the absence of barriers to international movements, as well as a higher level of technology and a more caring attitude of nurses to patients in many countries.

Medical tourists come from around the world in developed countries of Europe, the Middle East, Japan, South Korea, USA, Canada, etc. This happens due to the high level of economic development, a large national investment funds in the development of health and dissatisfaction with the "travelers" quality care at home.

The main advantages of medical tourism are convenience and speed. In countries with national health servicepatients often need to wait a long time to see a specialist. In this regard, affluent patients often choose modern clinic Costa Rica, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Cuba, Colombia, Philippines or India, where the operation if necessary, may be scheduled for the next day after arrival.

However, this does not solve the problem of the disadvantaged part of the population, who may die without help. It is necessary to consider that any insurance will not cover the expenses for orthopedic surgery or impose serious restrictions on the choice of the surgeon, tools, prosthetics, etc.

Organizers of medical tourism started to develop as intermediaries, in order to reduce the patients with the right clinics and other organizations. They offer options for foreign medical services that allow patients to get access to a world health care, and affordable rates and very high quality. At this stage of development of international medical tourism maintaining each client and providing if necessary a medical professional to support is part of their regular duties. They also help providing resources for the rehabilitation of the patient after his return to his homeland.

1.2 The organization of foreign economic activity of the enterprise.

Foreign economic activity of the enterprise is the economic activity associated with international production and scientific-technical cooperation, export and import of products, the entry into the foreign market.

Difference of foreign trade activity from on-farm one is that foreign trade is held on exchange basis and is subject to special measures by the state. Foreign economic activity of the enterprise is influenced by the level of development and stability of the national economy, the system of world prices, as well as the legal system of their own country and legal system of the countries in which the company carries out foreign economic activity.

Foreign economic activity is entitled to exercise associations, enterprises and organizations of industry, agriculture, processing industries of agro-industrial complex, transport, communications, construction, educational institutions, tourist and excursion organizations, businesses, trade organizations, etc.

To carry out foreign economic relations there should be:

1. thestate registration of enterprises at the location of one (approval of constituent documents: the charter, agreement and the certificate of state registration);

2. the registration with the tax authority at the place of registration;

3. theobtaining of print and stamp in the prescribed manner;

4. theregistration in the state register;

5. the presence of ruble and foreign currency accounts in any joint stock commercial bank.

Determining the economic feasibility of a proposed commercial transaction involves the following main provisions:

1. -export-import operation is based on the principle of full cost recovery (including currency), self-financing, i.e. the basic principles of full cost accounting;

2. -the amount of the proposed transaction is set based on the available company resources: financial, monetary, intellectual;

3. -acommercial transactions must be preceded by careful marketing, feasibility study, should be calculated and considered numerous options for possible commercial transactions;

4. -anorganization of commercial transactions must be conducted in compliance with regulatory and legal acts;

5. -a mandatory condition of any transaction must be full knowledge of the taxation system, the system of currency conversion, world and domestic prices, as well as the presence of a certain experience of foreign economic operations;

6. -people directly engaged in commercial transactions with foreign partners, must speak a foreign language (preferably English), know the basic rules of negotiation.

The newly created company should not begin its activities with the external economic operations with foreign partners; you need to gain some experience working in the domestic market.

Foreign economic relations in almost all countries of the world determine the economic and social development of States, they are an integral part of the economy, and the state regulates this process. The main focus of activities of the state in this direction is to ensure a balanced development of industry and foreign trade.

In Russia, the main coordinating body of foreign trade is the Ministry of foreign economic relations.

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