ВКР 14.06.2017 (1215374), страница 12

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The final results of the enterprise performance considerably depend on the level of organizing the workplaces, the well grounded determination of their number and specialization, the coordination of their work in time, and the rationality of location on the production area. It is at the workplaces where the material, technological, and labor factors of production interact directly. At the workplace level, the main factors of productivity growth are used.

The manufacturing area is a production unit that consolidates a number of workplaces groupped according to the certain characteristics which performs part of the general production process for manufacturing products or servicing the production process.

The production sites are specialized in sub-process and technologically.

In the first case, the workplaces are linked together by a partial production process for manufacturing the certain part of the finished product.

In the second case, they are connected by performing the same operations. The areas that are linked together by permanent technological connections are incorporated into workshops.

The shop is the most sophisticated system that is an integral part of the production structure which includes the production sites and a number of functional departments as subsystems. In the shop, there arise complex relationships: it is characterized by a rather complex structure and organization with the developed internal and external relationships. It is endowed with the certain production and economic independence; it is a stand- alone production unit in relation to organizational, technical, and administrative aspects and performs its established production functions.

The types of the production structure.

The technological type of an industrial structure: in the technological structure, a shop is specialized in implementating the similar technological operations. The advantages: it simplifies the the plant (or plot) management, allows manoeuvring the placement of people, facilitates the restructuring of production from one product range to another, and ensures high capacity utilization. Disadvantages: the occurrence of the counter- routes for goods movement, the complexity of industrial interconnections of shops, significant time costs on equipment readjustment, the limited possibility of using the high-capacity special machine tools, instruments, devices, and increase in the duration of the production cycle. All of this restrains the growth of labour productivity and reduction of production costs.

The object- type of the production structure: in the object- type, the shops are specialized in manufacturing the particular product or its part (component, packaged unit), thereby applying the various technological processes. Such a structure creates the possibility of organizing the object- closed shops where different technological processes are performed. Such shops have the finished cycle of production. The advantages: deeper specialization of the workplaces enables to use efficient equipment, ensures the growth of labor productivity, and increases the product quality. The closed structure of the production process within the plant reduces the time and money on transport, results in reduction in the duration of the production cycle. All this simplifies management, production planning and its accounting; leads to improving the technical and economic indicators of work. Consolidation of the plant production cycle of the particular product raises the responsibility of the shop staff for the quality and turnaround time. The disadvantages: in case if there is small volume production and complexity of products, the object specialization may be ineffective, as it results in incomplete loading of equipment and production areas.

The mixed (domain-technology) type of the production structure: along with the technological and object-type structures, at the industrial enterprises gains widespread the mixed (domain-technology) type of the production structure. This structure is characterized by the availability at the same machine-building plant the main shops that are organized by both the object and technological principle. The advantages: decrease in the transportation volumes within the shops; reduction of the production cycle of manufacturing the products; improvement of the working conditions; a higher level of utilization of equipment; productivity growth and cost reduction of the products.

The factors influencing the production structure formation can be divided into several groups.

The general structural (national economic) factors determine the complexity and completeness of the enterprise structure. These include the composition of the sectors of the economy, the ratio among them, the degree of differentiation, the expected rate of productivity growth, and foreign trade relations, etc.

Among the sectorial factors are the vastness of sector specialization, the level of the sectoral science development and design efforts, especially, the organization of supply and sale in the sector, provision of the sector by the services of other industry sectors.

The regional factors determine the provision of the enterprise with various types of communication: gas and water pipelines, highways, and means of communication, etc.

The general structuaral, sectoral, and regional factors together constitute the external environment of the enterprise functioning. These factors must be considered when shaping the enterprise structure.

A great number of the factors that affect the production structure and infrastructure are considered to be internal in relation to the enterprise. Among them are usually distinguished:

• the specific features of buildings, structures, used equipment, land, and raw materials;

• the nature of products and methods of manufacture;

• the volume of production and its complexity;

• the degree of developing specialization and cooperation;

• the capacity and peculiarities of transport organization;

• the optimum size of the units that provide their manageability with the greatest efficiency;

• the specifics of the hired workforce;

• the degree of information system development, etc

The effective organization of the production structure should ensure the following.

1. The buildings of the main shops, warehouses of the primary products and materials as well as the finished products should be located nearby the production process ensuring a minimum value of turnover at the enterprise. Inside the production units, the principle of the direct flow must be also observed, i.e., the way of the product’s passing through all the stages and operations of the production process from the production startup of raw materials to the output of finished products should be minimal.

2. The warehouses of the raw materials and basic materials should be located on the border of the enterprise territory from the side of entry of goods, near the procurement shops. The warehouses of the finished products are located near the assembly shops at the place of clearing the goods from the enterprise.

3. The secondary shops should be located as close as possible to the main shops that consume their products.

4. The compactness of the building should be ensured due to: rational zoning of the territory (the zone of the main shops, the power substations, the zone of general factory services and institutions, and the warehouse zone); minimum gaps between buildings and structures; joining the individual shops in the same building - the block of shops.

5. The mutual arrangement of buildings must satisfy all the rules and norms of fire and technical safety, ecological, sanitary, and other requirements.

1.3 Organization of auxiliary shops and server production units at the enterprise

The auxiliary shops and server production units are subdivisions for serving the main production as well as social service of the personnel. Hence, the production and non-production infrastructure of the enterprise are distinguished (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - The infrastructure of the enterprise

The production infrastructure is designed to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the production process. Maintenance work for the main production is carried out by auxiliary units and service facilities: tool, maintenance, transportation, power, warehousing, procurement, and sales.

The tool department is an aggregate of subdivisions engaged in acquisition, design, manufacture, restoration and repair of technological equipment, its accounting, storage, and delivery to workplaces. The tool department includes:

- the instrument division that is engaged in the centralized deliveries of tools and devices as well as in their designing;

- the tool shop that manufactures, repairs, and restores special equipment and tools;

- the central instrumental warehouse that implements storage, record keeping, and provides tools and equipment for the production;

- the shop toolrooms that directly serve workers with tools and production accessories;

The maintenance facility is a totality of production subdivisons that carry out a complex of measures to monitor the state of equipment, its maintenance and repair. At the enterprises, the repair of technological equipment is made on the following basis:

1) the repair system in view of the technical diagnostics results (all types of repair are made depending on the actual need in it after an objective control of the technical condition of the equipment);

2) preventive maintenance systems (PPR) - a set of the planned technical and organizational measures for maiternance, supervision, and repair aimed at preventing premature wear and tear of equipment, accidents as well as maintaining it in good technical condition. This also includes the possible modernization of equipment in the process of repair.

The regulation of repair work in the system PPR is made according to several standards:

1) the repair cycle - the period of time between the two major repairs;

2) the structure of the repair cycle - the sequence of different types of repair;

3) overhaul period - the time interval between the two adjacent repairs (regardless of their type);

4) the difficulty category of repair - a relative indicator showing to what extent the difficulty of all types of repair for a single repair cycle is higher than the laboriousness of a similar repair of the benchmark machine.

Transportation facilities are a complex of enterprise facilities intended for transportation of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, finished products, wastes, and other goods on the territory of the enterprise and outside. The main task of the transportation facilities at the enterprise is timely and uninterrupted servicing of production by means of transport for the goods movement during the production process. For the purpose indended, the means of transportation can be subdivided into internal, inter-shop, and external. Improving the organization of the transportation facilities implies the elimination of excessively long-distance moving, counter, return, empty, and not fully loaded transport.

The power facilities are a totality of technical means for providing the uninterrupted supply of the enterprise with all types of energy. The duties of power engineering workers include the following aspects:

• the uninterrupted supply of production with all types of energy;

• the rational use of power equipment and increase in its efficiency;

• the improvement of engineering and organization of the power facilities;

• the achievement of the maximum possible savings of all types of energy with a reduction in its prime cost.

The demand in energy is determined on the basis of the production plan and raw material processing, the specific norms of energy consumption and conventional fuel per unit of raw materials production, the norms of energy consumption and conventional fuel for auxiliary maintenance, the norms of losses in networks and pipelines as well as in the process of energy conversion.

Warehousing includes a complex of warehouses specialized in types of the material resources and organized on the requirements for their storage and processing. A warehouse is a production premise or a production area intended for temporary placement of material values, storage of normative stocks of raw materials and materials, and performance of production and economic operations aimed at preparing the above categories for production.

The procurement service and sales play an important role not only in the normal functioning of the production process. They have a significant impact on the production cost value by creating and maintaining an optimal supply with minimum costs while providing the proper stocking up, storing, and recording of the material resources and finished products.

Характеристики

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